Methods of treating disease states using antiangiogenic agents

ABSTRACT

Compositions and methods for treating mammalian disease characterized by undesirable angiogenesis by administering compounds of the general formula:  
                 
wherein the variables are defined in the specification.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

The present application claims benefit of provisional patent applicationSer. No. 60/474,288 filed May 28, 2003.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to treating disease states characterizedby abnormal cell mitosis and to treating disease states characterized byabnormal angiogenesis and to treating disease states characterized by acombination of these events. More particularly, the present inventionrelates to analogs of 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME₂) and their effect ondiseases characterized by abnormal cell mitosis and/or abnormalangiogenesis.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Angiogenesis is the generation of new blood vessels into a tissue ororgan. Under normal physiological conditions, humans and animals undergoangiogenesis only in very specific, restricted situations. For example,angiogenesis is normally observed in wound healing, fetal and embryonaldevelopment, and formation of the corpus luteum, endometrium andplacenta.

Angiogenesis is controlled through a highly regulated system ofangiogenic stimulators and inhibitors. The control of angiogenesis hasbeen found to be altered in certain disease states and, in many cases,pathological damage associated with the diseases is related touncontrolled angiogenesis. Both controlled and uncontrolled angiogenesisare thought to proceed in a similar manner. Endothelial cells andpericytes, surrounded by a basement membrane, form capillary bloodvessels. Angiogenesis begins with the erosion of the basement membraneby enzymes released by endothelial cells and leukocytes. Endothelialcells, lining the lumen of blood vessels, then protrude through thebasement membrane. Angiogenic stimulants induce the endothelial cells tomigrate through the eroded basement membrane. The migrating cells form a“sprout” off the parent blood vessel where the endothelial cells undergomitosis and proliferate. The endothelial sprouts merge with each otherto form capillary loops, creating a new blood vessel.

Persistent, unregulated angiogenesis occurs in many disease states,tumor metastases, and abnormal growth by endothelial cells. The diversepathological disease states in which unregulated angiogenesis is presenthave been grouped together as angiogenic-dependent orangiogenic-associated diseases.

One example of a disease dependent on angiogenesis is ocular neovasculardisease. This disease is characterized by invasion of new blood vesselsinto the structures of the eye, such as the retina or cornea. It is themost common cause of blindness and is involved in approximately twentyeye diseases. In age-related macular degeneration, the associated visualproblems are caused by an ingrowth of choroidal capillaries throughdefects in Bruch's membrane with proliferation of fibrovascular tissuebeneath the retinal pigment epithelium. Angiogenic damage is alsoassociated with diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity,corneal graft rejection, neovascular glaucoma, and retrolentalfibroplasia. Other diseases associated with corneal neovascularizationinclude, but are not limited to, epidemic keratoconjunctivitis, VitaminA deficiency, contact lens overwear, atopic keratitis, superior limbickeratitis, and pterygium keratitis sicca. Other diseases associated withundesirable angiogenesis include Sjögren's syndrome, acne rosacea,phylectenulosis, syphilis, Mycobacteria infections, lipid degeneration,chemical burns, bacterial ulcers, fungal ulcers, Herpes simplexinfection, Herpes zoster infections, protozoan infections, Kaposi'ssarcoma, Mooren's ulcer, Terrien's marginal degeneration, marginalkeratolysis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus, polyarteritis,trauma, Wegener's sarcoidosis, scleritis, Stevens-Johnson's disease,pemphigoid, and radial keratotomy.

Diseases associated with neovascularization include, but are not limitedto, retinal/choroidal neovascularization, diabetic retinopathy, maculardegeneration, sickle cell anemia, sarcoidosis, syphilis, pseudoxanthomaelasticum, Paget's disease, vein occlusion, artery occlusion, carotidobstructive disease, chronic uveitis/vitritis, Mycobacteria infections,lyme's disease, systemic lupus erythematosis, retinopathy ofprematurity, Eales' disease, Behcet's disease, infections causingretinitis or choroiditis, presumed ocular histoplasmosis, Best'sdisease, myopia, optic pits, Stargardt's disease, pars planitis, chronicretinal detachment, hyperviscosity syndromes, toxoplasmosis, trauma andpost-laser complications. Other eye-related diseases include, but arenot limited to, diseases associated with rubeosis (neovascularization ofthe angle) and diseases caused by the abnormal proliferation offibrovascular or fibrous tissue, including all forms of prolificvitreoretinopathy.

Another angiogenesis associated disease is rheumatoid arthritis. Theblood vessels in the synovial lining of the joints undergo angiogenesis.In addition to forming new vascular networks, the endothelial cellsrelease factors and reactive oxygen species that lead to pannus growthand cartilage destruction. Angiogenesis may also play a role inosteoarthritis. The activation of the chondrocytes by angiogenic-relatedfactors contributes to the destruction of the joint. At a later stage,the angiogenic factors promote new bone growth. Therapeutic interventionthat prevents the cartilage destruction could halt the progress of thedisease and provide relief for persons suffering with arthritis.

Chronic inflammation may also involve pathological angiogenesis. Suchdiseases as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease show histologicalchanges with the ingrowth of new blood vessels into inflamed tissues.Bartonelosis, a bacterial infection found in South America, can resultin a chronic stage that is characterized by proliferation of vascularendothelial cells. Another pathological role associated withangiogenesis is found in atherosclerosis. The plaques formed within thelumen of blood vessels have been shown to have angiogenic stimulatoryactivity.

The hypothesis that tumor growth is angiogenesis-dependent was firstproposed in 1971. (Folkman, New Eng. J. Med., 285:1182-86 (1971)). Inits simplest terms, this hypothesis states: “Once tumor ‘take’ hasoccurred, every increase in tumor cell population must be preceded by anincrease in new capillaries converging on the tumor.” Tumor ‘take’ iscurrently understood to indicate a prevascular phase of tumor growth inwhich a population of tumor cells occupying a few cubic millimetersvolume, and not exceeding a few million cells, can survive on existinghost microvessels. Expansion of tumor volume beyond this phase requiresthe induction of new capillary blood vessels. For example, pulmonarymicrometastases in the early prevascular phase in mice would beundetectable except by high power microscopy on histological sections.

Examples of the indirect evidence which support this concept include:

(1) The growth rate of tumors implanted in subcutaneous transparentchambers in mice is slow and linear before neovascularization, and rapidand nearly exponential after neovascularization. (Algire, et al., J.Nat. Cancer Inst., 6:73-85 (1945)).

(2) Tumors grown in isolated perfused organs where blood vessels do notproliferate are limited to 1-2 mm³ but expand rapidly to >1000 timesthis volume when they are transplanted to mice and becomeneovascularized. (Folkman, et al., Annals of Surgery, 164:491-502(1966)).

(3) Tumor growth in the avascular cornea proceeds slowly and at a linearrate, but switches to exponential growth after neovascularization.(Gimbrone, Jr., et al., J. Nat. Cancer Inst., 52:421-27 (1974)).

(4) Tumors suspended in the aqueous fluid of the anterior chamber of arabbit eye remain viable, avascular, and limited in size to <1 mm³. Oncethey are implanted on the iris vascular bed, they become neovascularizedand grow rapidly, reaching 16,000 times their original volume within 2weeks. (Gimbrone, Jr., et al., J. Exp. Med., 136:261-76).

(5) When tumors are implanted on a chick embryo chorioallantoicmembrane, they grow slowly during an avascular phase of >72 hours, butdo not exceed a mean diameter of 0.93+0.29 mm. Rapid tumor expansionoccurs within 24 hours after the onset of neovascularization, and by day7 these vascularized tumors reach a mean diameter of 8.0+2.5 mm.(Knighton, British J. Cancer, 35:347-56 (1977)).

(6) Vascular casts of metastases in a rabbit liver reveal heterogeneityin size of the metastases, but show a relatively uniform cut-off pointfor the size at which vascularization is present. Tumors are generallyavascular up to 1 mm in diameter, but are neovascularized beyond thatdiameter. (Lien, et al., Surgery, 68:334-40 (1970)).

(7) In transgenic mice that develop carcinomas in the beta cells of thepancreatic islets, pre-vascular hyperplastic islets are limited in sizeto <1 mm. At 6-7 weeks of age, 4-10% of the islets becomeneovascularized, and from these islets arise large vascularized tumorsof more than 1000 times the volume of the pre-vascular islets. (Folkman,et al., Nature, 339:58-61 (1989)).

(8) A specific antibody against VEGF (vascular endothelial growthfactor) reduces microvessel density and causes “significant or dramatic”inhibition of growth of three human tumors which rely on VEGF as theirsole mediator of angiogenesis (in nude mice). The antibody does notinhibit growth of the tumor cells in vitro. (Kim, et al., Nature,362:841-44 (1993)).

(9) Anti-bFGF monoclonal antibody causes 70% inhibition of growth of amouse tumor which is dependent upon secretion of bFGF as its onlymediator of angiogenesis. The antibody does not inhibit growth of thetumor cells in vitro. (Hori, et al., Cancer Res., 51:6180-84 (1991)).

(10) Intraperitoneal injection of bFGF enhances growth of a primarytumor and its metastases by stimulating growth of capillary endothelialcells in the tumor. The tumor cells themselves lack receptors for bFGF,and bFGF is not a mitogen for the tumor cells in vitro. (Gross, et al.,Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res., 31:79 (1990)).

(11) A specific angiogenesis inhibitor (AGM-1470) inhibits tumor growthand metastases in vivo, but is much less active in inhibiting tumor cellproliferation in vitro. It inhibits vascular endothelial cellproliferation half-maximally at 4 logs lower concentration than itinhibits tumor cell proliferation. (Ingber, et al., Nature, 48:555-57(1990)). There is also indirect clinical evidence that tumor growth isangiogenesis dependent.

(12) Human retinoblastomas that are metastatic to the vitreous developinto avascular spheroids that are restricted to less than 1 mm³ despitethe fact that they are viable and incorporate ³H-thymidine (when removedfrom an enucleated eye and analyzed in vitro).

(13) Carcinoma of the ovary metastasizes to the peritoneal membrane astiny avascular white seeds (1-3 mm³). These implants rarely grow largeruntil one or more of them becomes neovascularized.

(14) Intensity of neovascularization in breast cancer (Weidner, et al.,New Eng. J. Med., 324:1-8 (1991); Weidner, et al., J Nat. Cancer Inst.,84:1875-87 (1992)) and in prostate cancer (Weidner, et al., Am. J.Pathol., 143(2):401-09 (1993)) correlates highly with risk of futuremetastasis.

(15) Metastasis from human cutaneous melanoma is rare prior toneovascularization. The onset of neovascularization leads to increasedthickness of the lesion and an increased risk of metastasis.(Srivastava, et al., Am. J. Pathol., 133:419-23 (1988)).

(16) In bladder cancer, the urinary level of an angiogenic protein,bFGF, is a more sensitive indicator of status and extent of disease thanis cytology. (Nguyen, et al., J. Nat. Cancer Inst., 85:241-42 (1993)).

Thus, it is clear that angiogenesis plays a major role in the metastasisof cancer. If this angiogenic activity could be repressed or eliminated,then the tumor, although present, would not grow. In the disease state,prevention of angiogenesis could avert the damage caused by the invasionof the new microvascular system. Therapies directed at control of theangiogenic processes could lead to the abrogation or mitigation of thesediseases.

Angiogenesis has been associated with a number of different types ofcancer, including solid tumors and blood-borne tumors. Solid tumors withwhich angiogenesis has been associated include, but are not limited to,rhabdomyosarcomas, retinoblastoma, Ewing's sarcoma, neuroblastoma, andosteosarcoma. Angiogenesis is also associated with blood-borne tumors,such as leukemias, any of various acute or chronic neoplastic diseasesof the bone marrow in which unrestrained proliferation of white bloodcells occurs, usually accompanied by anemia, impaired blood clotting,and enlargement of the lymph nodes, liver and spleen. It is believedthat angiogenesis plays a role in the abnormalities in the bone marrowthat give rise to leukemia tumors and multiple myeloma diseases.

One of the most frequent angiogenic diseases of childhood is thehemangioma. A hemangioma is a tumor composed of newly formed bloodvessels. In most cases the tumors are benign and regress withoutintervention. In more severe cases, the tumors progress to largecavernous and infiltrative forms and create clinical complications.Systemic forms of hemangiomas, hemangiomatoses, have a high mortalityrate. Therapy-resistant hemangiomas exist that cannot be treated withtherapeutics currently in use.

Angiogenesis is also responsible for damage found in heredity diseasessuch as Osler-Weber-Rendu disease, or heredity hemorrhagictelangiectasia. This is an inherited disease characterized by multiplesmall angiomas, tumors of blood or lymph vessels. The angiomas are foundin the skin and mucous membranes, often accompanied by epitaxis (nosebleeds) or gastrointestinal bleeding and sometimes with pulmonary orhepatitic arteriovenous fistula.

What is needed, therefore, is a composition and method that can inhibitangiogenesis. What is also needed is a composition and method that caninhibit the unwanted growth of blood vessels, especially in tumors.

Angiogenesis is also involved in normal physiological processes, such asreproduction and wound healing. Angiogenesis is an important step inovulation and also in implantation of the blastula after fertilization.Prevention of angiogenesis could be used to induce amenorrhea, to blockovulation, or to prevent implantation by the blastula.

In wound healing, excessive repair or fibroplasia can be a detrimentalside effect of surgical procedures and may be caused or exacerbated byangiogenesis. Adhesions are a frequent complication of surgery and leadto problems such as small bowel obstruction.

Several compounds have been used to inhibit angiogenesis. Taylor, et al.(Nature, 297:307 (1982)) have used protamine to inhibit angiogenesis.The toxicity of protamine limits its practical use as a therapeutic.Folkman, et al. (Science, 221:719 (1983), and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,001,116and 4,994,443) have disclosed the use of heparin and steroids to controlangiogenesis. Steroids, such as tetrahydrocortisol, which lackglucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid activity, have been found to beangiogenic inhibitors.

Other factors found endogenously in animals, such as a 4 kDaglycoprotein from bovine vitreous humor and a cartilage derived factor,have been used to inhibit angiogenesis. Cellular factors, such asinterferon, inhibit angiogenesis. For example, interferon alpha or humaninterferon beta have been shown to inhibit tumor-induced angiogenesis inmouse dermis stimulated by human neoplastic cells. Interferon beta isalso a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis induced by allogeneic spleencells. (Sidky, et al., Cancer Res., 47:5155-61(1987)). Human recombinantinterferon (alpha/A) was reported to be successfully used in thetreatment of pulmonary hemangiomatosis, an angiogenesis-induced disease.(White, et al., New Eng. J. Med., 320:1197-1200 (1989)).

Other agents that have been used to inhibit angiogenesis includeascorbic acid ethers and related compounds. (Japanese Kokai Tokkyo KohoNo. 58-13 (1978)). Sulfated polysaccharide DS 4152 also inhibitsangiogenesis. (Japanese Kokai Tokkyo Koho No. 63-119500). Additionalanti-angiogenic compounds include Angiostatin® (U.S. Pat. Nos.5,639,725; 5,792,845; 5,885,795; 5,733,876; 5,776,704; 5,837,682;5,861,372, and 5,854,221) and Endostatin (U.S. Pat. No. 5,854,205).

Another compound which has been shown to inhibit angiogenesis isthalidomide. (D'Amato, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 90:4082-85(1994)). Thalidomide is a hypnosedative that has been successfully usedto treat a number of diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis(Gutierrez-Rodriguez, Arthritis Rheum., 27 (10):1118-21 (1984);Gutierrez-Rodriguez, et al., J. Rheumatol., 16(2):158-63 (1989)),Behcet's disease (Handley, et al., Br. J. Dermatol., 127 Suppl, 40:67-8(1992); Gunzler, Med. Hypotheses, 30(2):105-9 (1989)).

Although thalidomide has minimal side effects in adults, it is a potentteratogen. Thus, there are concerns regarding its use in women ofchild-bearing age. Although minimal, there are a number of side effectsthat limit the desirability of thalidomide as a treatment. One such sideeffect is drowsiness. In a number of therapeutic studies, the initialdosage of thalidomide had to be reduced because patients becamelethargic and had difficulty functioning normally. Another side effectlimiting the use of thalidomide is peripheral neuropathy, in whichindividuals suffer from numbness and dysfunction in their extremities.

Thus, improved methods and compositions are needed that are easilyadministered and capable of inhibiting angiogenesis. What is needed aresafe and effective treatments that do not create unwanted side effects.

2-Methoxyestradiol is an endogenous metabolite of estradiol (E2). Whenadministered orally, it exhibits anti-tumor and anti-proliferativeactivity with little toxicity. In vitro data suggests that2-methoxyestradiol does not engage the estrogen receptor for itsanti-proliferative activity and is not estrogenic over a wide range ofconcentrations, as assayed by estrogen dependant MCF-7 cellproliferation. However, the presence of metabolizing enzymes, such asdemethylases, in vivo and in vitro may metabolize this compound toproducts, such as 2-hydroxyestradiol, which has been shown to beestrogenic by several approaches. What is needed is a means to improvethe bioavailibility of estradiol derivatives or 2-methoxyestradiol andto reduce the formation of estrogenic 2-methoxyestradiol metabolites.What is also needed is a means to modify estradiol derivatives or2-methoxyestradiol in such a way as to prevent conversion into anestrogenic derivative, metabolic conjugation and/or conversion toestrones.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides certain analogs of 2-methoxyestradiolthat are effective in treating diseases characterized by abnormalmitosis and/or abnormal angiogenesis. Specifically the present inventionrelates to analogs of 2-methoxyestradiol that have been modified at the2, 3 and 17 positions thereof. Compounds within the general formulaethat inhibit cell proliferation are preferred. Compounds within FormulaI that inhibit angiogenesis are also preferred. Preferred compositionsmay also exhibit a change (increase or decrease) in estrogen receptorbinding, improved absorption, transport (e.g., through blood-brainbarrier and cellular membranes), biological stability, or decreasedtoxicity. The invention also provides compounds useful in the method, asdescribed by the general formulae of the claims.

A mammalian disease characterized by undesirable cell mitosis, asdefined herein, includes but is not limited to excessive or abnormalstimulation of endothelial cells (e.g., atherosclerosis), solid tumorsand tumor metastasis, benign tumors, for example, hemangiomas, acousticneuromas, neurofibromas, trachomas, and pyogenic granulomas, vascularmalfunctions, abnormal wound healing, inflammatory and immune disorders,Bechet's disease, gout or gouty arthritis, abnormal angiogenesisaccompanying: rheumatoid arthritis, skin diseases, such as psoriasis,diabetic retinopathy and other ocular angiogenic diseases such asretinopathy of prematurity (retrolental fibroplasic), maculardegeneration, corneal graft rejection, neovascular glaucoma and OslerWeber syndrome (Osler-Weber-Rendu disease). Other undesired angiogenesisinvolves normal processes including ovulation and implantation of ablastula.

Accordingly, the compositions described above can be used to blockovulation and implantation of a blastula or to block menstruation(induce amenorrhea).

A novel series of compounds have been prepared that retain thebiological activities of 2ME₂ but are believed to have reducedmetabolism. 17-Position alkylated analogs lack the hydroxyl moiety andcannot be metabolized to estrones or conjugated at that position butretain antiproliferative activity in HUVEC and tumor cells. Replacementof the 2-methoxy group by other moieties, such as a propynyl group,retains antiproliferative activity, but these groups cannot bede-methylated to yield the estrogenic 2-hydroxyl derivatives. Contraryto what is observed with 2ME₂, several of these new analogs haveselective in vitro antiproliferative activity for the endothelial cellsover the tumor cell line assessed.

Also disclosed are compounds and methods for altering the chemicalnature of positions 3 and 17 of 2-methoxyestradiol for preventingconversion to 2-methoxyestrone and/or the conjugation of2-methoxyestradiol (or metabolites) with other molecules and subsequentloss during excretion of the resulting compounds.

Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from thefollowing description of preferred embodiments thereof.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

As described below, compounds that are useful in accordance with theinvention include novel 2-methoxyestradiol derivatives that exhibitanti-mitotic, anti-angiogenic and/or anti-tumor properties. Preferredcompounds of the invention are 2-methoxyestradiol derivatives modifiedat the 2, 3 and 17 positions. Preferred compounds are those of thegeneral Formula (I):

wherein, R_(a) is selected from —OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, or —CCCH₃; Z′ isselected from >C—F, >C—NH₂, >CCONH₂, >C—NHCOH, >C—OSO₂NH₂, or >C—CHCH₂;and Z″ is selected from >C(H₂), >C(H)—CH₃, >C═CH₂, >C═CHCH₃, or >C═O;provided that when Z′ is >C—OSO₂NH₂ and Z″ is >C(H₂) or >C═O, R_(a) isneither —OCH₃ nor —OCH₂CH₃. Specific compounds according to theinvention are described below.

In an alternate disclosed embodiment of the present invention, compoundsaccording to the present invention are those of Formula I, wherein R₃ is—OCH₃; Z′ is selected from >C—NH₂, >CCONH₂, >C—NHCOH, >C—OSO₂NH₂, or>C—CHCH₂; and Z″ is selected from >C(H₂), >C(H)—CH₃, >C═CH₂, >C═CHCH₃,or >C═O.

In another alternate disclosed embodiment of the present invention,compounds according to the present invention are those of Formula I,wherein R_(a) is —OCH₂CH₃; Z′ is selected from >C—NH₂,>CCONH₂, >C—NHCOH, >C—OSO₂NH₂, or >C—CHCH₂; and Z″ is selected from>C(H₂), >C(H)—CH₃, >C═CH₂, >C═CHCH₃, or >C═O.

In a further alternate disclosed embodiment of the present invention,compounds according to the present invention are those of Formula I,wherein R_(a) is —CCCH₃: Z′ is selected from >C—NH₂, >CCONH₂, >C—NHCOH,>C—OSO₂NH₂, or >C—CHCH₂; and Z″ is selected from >C(H₂), >C(H)—CH₃,>C═CH₂, >C═CHCH₃, or >C═O.

In another alternate disclosed embodiment of the present invention,compounds according to the present invention are those of Formula I,wherein Z′ is selected from >C—F; R_(a) is selected from —OCH₃,—OCH₂CH₃, or —CCCH₃; and Z″ is selected from >C(H₂), >C(H)—CH₃, >C═CH₂,>C═CHCH₃, or >C═O.

In another alternate disclosed embodiment of the present invention,compounds according to the present invention are those of Formula I,wherein Z′ is >C—NH₂; R_(a) is selected from OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, or —CCCH₃;and Z″ is selected from >C(H₂), >C(H)—CH₃, >C═CH₂, >C═CHCH₃, or >C═O.

In still another alternate disclosed embodiment of the presentinvention, compounds according to the present invention are those ofFormula I, wherein Z′ is selected from >CCONH₂; R_(a) is —OCH₃,—OCH₂CH₃, or —CCCH₃; and Z″ is selected from >C(H₂), >C(H)—CH₃, >C═CH₂,>C═CHCH₃, or >C═O.

In a further alternate disclosed embodiment of the present invention,compounds according to the present invention are those of Formula I,wherein Z′ is selected from >C—OSO₂NH₂; R₃ is —OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, or—CCCH₃; and Z″ is selected from >C(H₂), >C(H)—CH₃, >C═CH₂, >C═CHCH₃, or>C═O.

In another alternate disclosed embodiment of the present invention,compounds according to the present invention are those of Formula I,wherein Z′ is selected from >C—CHCH₂; R_(a) is —OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, or—CCCH₃; and Z″ is selected from >C(H₂), >C(H)—CH₃, >C═CH₂, >C═CHCH₃, or>C═O.

In yet alternate disclosed embodiment of the present invention,compounds according to the present invention are those of Formula I,wherein Z″ is selected from >C(H₂); R_(a) is selected from —OCH₃,—OCH₂CH₃, or —CCCH₃; and Z′ is selected from >C—NH₂, >CCONH₂, >C—NHCOH,>C—OSO₂NH₂, or >C—CHCH₂.

In another alternate disclosed embodiment of the present invention,compounds according to the present invention are those of Formula I,wherein Z″ is selected from >C(H)—CH₃; R_(a) is selected from —OCH₃,—OCH₂CH₃, or —CCCH₃; and Z′ is selected from >C—NH₂, >CCONH₂, >C—NHCOH,>C—OSO₂NH₂, or >C—CHCH₂.

In a further alternate disclosed embodiment of the present invention,compounds according to the present invention are those of Formula I,wherein Z″ is selected from >C═CH₂; R_(a) is selected from —OCH₃,—OCH₂CH₃, or —CCCH₃; and Z′ is selected from >C—NH₂, >CCONH₂, >C—NHCOH,>C—OSO₂NH₂, or >C—CHCH₂.

In another alternate disclosed embodiment of the present invention,compounds according to the present invention are those of Formula I,wherein Z″ is selected from >C═CHCH₃; R_(a) is selected from OCH₃,—OCH₂CH₃, or —CCCH₃; and Z′ is selected from >C—NH₂, >CCONH₂, >C—NHCOH,>C—OSO₂NH₂, or >C—CHCH₂.

In still another alternate disclosed embodiment of the presentinvention, compounds according to the present invention are those ofFormula I, wherein Z″ is selected from >C═O; R_(a) is selected from—OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, or —CCCH₃; and Z′ is selected from >C—NH₂,>CCONH₂, >C—NHCOH, >C—OSO₂NH₂, or >C—CHCH₂.

In a further alternate disclosed embodiment of the present invention,compounds according to the present invention are those of Formula I,wherein R_(a) is selected from —OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, or —CCCH₃; Z′ isselected from >C—NH₂, >CCONH₂, >C—NHCOH, or >C—CHCH₂; and Z″ is selectedfrom >C(H₂), >C(H)—CH₃, >C═CH₂, >C═CHCH₃, or >C═O.

In another alternate disclosed embodiment of the present invention,compounds according to the present invention are those of Formula I,wherein R_(a) is selected from —OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, or —CCCH₃; Z′ isselected from >C—NH₂, >CCONH₂, >C—NHCOH, >C—OSO₂NH₂, or >C—CHCH₂; and Z″is selected from >C(H₂), >C(H)—CH₃, >C═CH₂, >C═CHCH₃, or >C═O; providedthat when Z′ is >C—OSO₂NH₂, Z″ is neither >C(H₂) nor >C═O.

Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the invention extends toother compounds within the formulae given in the claims below, havingthe described characteristics. These characteristics can be determinedfor each test compound using the assays detailed below and elsewhere inthe literature.

Although not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that2-methoxyestrone (2ME₁) is formed through the same enzymatic pathway asestrone is formed from estradiol. Although not wishing to be bound bytheory, it is further believed that the enzymes responsible for thisreaction on estradiol are the 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases(17β-HSD), which utilize NADP+ as a co-factor (Han et al., J. Biol.Chem. 275:2, 1105-1111 (Jan. 12, 2000) and other references citedearlier). Each of the four members of this enzyme family, types 1, 2, 3,and 4 have distinct activity. It appears that 17β-HSD type 1 catalyzesthe reductive reaction (estrone to estradiol), while 17β-HSD type 2catalyzes the oxidation reaction (estradiol to estrone), and type 3catalyzes 4-androstenedione to testosterone. It is also believed that anadditional metabolic deactivation pathway results in conjugation of2-methoxyestradiol or 2-methoxyestrone with molecules such as sulfate orglucuronic acid and subsequent loss via excretion. In this invention,positions 3 and 17 of 2-methoxyestradiol, and derivatives thereof, maybe modified to prevent these metabolic pathways from occurring.

Since 2-methoxyestradiol is metabolized to a much less activemetabolite, the present invention adds steric bulk and/or modificationof chemical or electrostatic characteristics at positions 3 and 17 of2-methoxyestradiol for retarding or preventing interaction of the familyof 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases and co-factor NADP⁺ on thissubstrate. Addition of steric bulk and/or modification of chemical orelectrostatic characteristics at positions 3 and 17 of2-methoxyestradiol may also retard or prevent conjugation, such asglucuronidation or sulfation. It is believed that retardation orprevention of these two metabolic deactivation pathways prolongs theserum lifetime of 2-methoxyestradiol and other estradiol derivativeswhile retaining the desired anti-angiogenic and anti-tumor activity.

Aside from preventing the possible metabolism of 2ME₂ to 2ME₁, which mayoccur by making these steroids poor substrates for 17β-HSD (by eithersteric and/or electronic effects), it is not possible for some of theseanalogs modified at the 2 position to undergo the demethylation known tooccur with 2ME₂ since there is no methyl ether group at that position.This is desirable since it has been demonstrated that 2-hydroxyestradiol(the product of demethylation of 2ME₂) has estrogenic activity.

It is well known that orally-delivered steroids, such as estradiol (E₂)and ethynyl-E₂, are extensively metabolized during passage through thegastrointestinal tract and by first-pass metabolism in the liver. Twomajor metabolic pathways that lead to rapid deactivation and excretionare well studied (Fotsis, T.; Zhang, Y.; Pepper, M. S.; Adlercrcutz, H.;Montesano, R.; Nawreth. P. P.; Schweigerer, L., The Endogenous EstrogenMetabolite 2-Methoxyestradiol Inhibits Angiogenesis and SuppressesTumor. Nature, 1994, 368, 237-239; Wang, Z.; Yang. D.; Mohanakrishnan,A. K.; Fanwick, P. E.; Nampoothiri, P.; Hamel, E.; Cushman, M.“Synthesis of B-Ring Homologated Estradiol Analogs that Modulate TubulinPolymerization and Microtubule Stability.” J. Med. Chem., 2000, 43,2419-2429) e.g. oxidation at the D-ring's 17-hydroxy group of E₂ to formestrone and conjugation with sulfate and/or glucuronate at the hydroxylsof position-3 on the A-ring and position-17 on the D-ring.

Several studies have been conducted to determine SAR of 2ME₂ analogs(D'Amato, R. J.; Lin, C. M.; Flynn, E.; Folkman, J.; Hamel, E.Inhibition of Angiogenesis and Breast Cancer in Mice by the MicrotubuleInhibitors 2-Methoxyestradiol and Taxol”, Cancer Res., 1997, 57, 81-86;Cushman, M.; He, M.-H.; Katzenellenbogen, J. A.; Lin, C. M.; Hamel, E.“Synthesis, Antitubuln and Antimitotic Activity, and Cytotoxicity ofAnalogs of 2-Methoxyestradiol, an Endogenous Mammalian Metabolite ofEstradiol that inhibits Tubulin Polymerization by Binding to theColchicine Binding Site.” J. Med. Chem. 1995, 38, 2041-2049) but none toreduce or stop its metabolic pathway.

In the preferred embodiment of the invention, 2-methoxyestradiol, andderivatives thereof, are modified at the 3 and 17 positions.

Anti-Proliferative Activity In Situ

Anti-proliferative activity can be evaluated in situ by testing theability of an improved estradiol derivative to inhibit the proliferationof new blood vessel cells (angiogenesis). A suitable assay is the chickembryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay described by Crum et al.Science 230:1375 (1985). See also, U.S. Pat. No. 5,001,116, herebyincorporated by reference, which describes the CAM assay. Briefly,fertilized chick embryos are removed from their shell on day 3 or 4, anda methylcellulose disc containing the drug is implanted on thechorioallantoic membrane. The embryos are examined 48 hours later and,if a clear avascular zone appears around the methylcellulose disc, thediameter of that zone is measured. Using this assay, a 100 μg disk ofthe estradiol derivative 2-methoxyestradiol was found to inhibit cellmitosis and the growth of new blood vessels after 48 hours. This resultindicates that the anti-mitotic action of 2-methoxyestradiol can inhibitcell mitosis and/or angiogenesis.

Anti-Proliferative Activity In Vitro

The process by which 2ME₂ affects cell growth remains unclear, however,a number of studies have implicated various mechanisms of action andcellular targets. 2ME₂ induced changes in the levels and activities ofvarious proteins involved in the progression of the cell cycle. Theseinclude cofactors of DNA replication and repair, e.g., proliferatingcell nuclear antigen (PCNA) (Klauber, N., Parangi, S., Flynn, E., Hamel,E. and D'Amato, R. J. (1997), Inhibition of angiogenesis and breastcancer in mice by the microtubule inhibitors 2-methoxyestradiol andTaxol., Cancer Research 57, 81-86; Lottering, M-L., de Kock, M.,Viljoen, T. C., Grobler, C. J. S. and Seegers, J. C. (1996)17β-Estradiol metabolites affect some regulators of the MCF-7 cellcycle. Cancer Letters 110, 181-186); cell division cycle kinases andregulators, e.g., p34^(cdc2) and cyclin B (Lottering et al. (1996);Attalla, H., Makela, T. P., Adlercreutz, H. and Andersson, L. C. (1996)2-Methoxyestradiol arrests cells in mitosis without depolymerizingtubulin. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 228,467-473; Zoubine, M. N., Weston, A. P., Johnson, D. C., Campbell, D. R.and Banerjee, S. K. (1999) 2-Methoxyestradiol-induced growth suppressionand lethality in estrogen-responsive MCF-7 cells may be mediated by downregulation of p34cdc2 and cyclin B1 expression. Int J Oncol 15,639-646); transcription factor modulators, e.g., SAPK/JNK (Yue, T-L.,Wang, X., Louden, C. S., Gupta, L. S., Pillarisetti, K., Gu, J-L., Hart,T. K., Lysko, P. G. and Feuerstein, G. Z. (1997) 2-Methoxyestradiol, anendogenous estrogen metabolite induces apoptosis in endothelial cellsand inhibits angiogenesis: Possible role for stress-activated proteinkinase signaling pathway and fas expression. Molecular Pharmacology 51,951-962; Attalla, H., Westberg, J. A., Andersson, L. C., Aldercreutz, H.and Makela, T. P. (1998) 2-Methoxyestradiol-induced phosphorylation ofbcl-2: uncoupling from JNK/SAPK activation. Biochem and Biophys ResCommun 247, 616-619); and regulators of cell arrest and apoptosis, e.g.,tubulin (D'Amato, R. J., Lin, C. M., Flynn, E., Folkman, J. and Hamel,E. (1994) 2-Methoxyestradiol, and endogenous mammalian metabolite,inhibits tubulin polymerization by interacting at the colchicine site.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 3964-3968; Hamel, E., Lin, C. M., Flynn,E. and D'Amato, R. J. (1996) Interactions of 2-methoxyestradiol, andendogenous mammalian metabolite, with unpolymerized tubulin and withtubulin polymers. Biochemistry 35, 1304-1310), p₂₁ ^(WAF1/CIP1)(Mukhopadhyay, T. and Roth, J. A. (1997) Induction of apoptosis in humanlung cancer cells after wild-type p53 activation by methoxyestradiol.Oncogene 14, 379-384), bcl-2 and FAS (Yue et al. (1997); Attalla et al.(1998)), and p53 (Kataoka, M., Schumacher, G., Cristiano, R. J.,Atkinson, E. N., Roth, J. A. and Mukhopadhyay, T. (1998) An agent thatincreases tumor suppressor transgene product coupled with systemictransgene delivery inhibits growth of metastatic lung cancer in vivo.Cancer Res 58, 4761-4765; Mukhopadhyay et al. (1997); Seegers, J. C.,Lottering, M-L., Grobler C. J. S., van Papendorp, D. H., Habbersett, R.C., Shou, Y. and Lehnert B. E. (1997) The mammalian metabolite,2-methoxyestradiol, affects p53 levels and apoptosis induction intransformed cells but not in normal cells. J. Steroid Biochem. Molec.Biol. 62, 253-267). The effects on the level of cAMP, calmodulinactivity and protein phosphorylation may also be related to each other.More recently, 2ME₂ was shown to upregulate Death Receptor 5 and caspase8 in human endothelial and tumor cell lines (LaVallee T M, Zhan X H,Johnson M S, Herbstritt C J, Swartz G, Williams M S, Hembrough W A,Green S J, Pribluda V S. 2-methoxyestradiol up-regulates death receptor5 and induces apoptosis through activation of the extrinsic pathway.Cancer Res. (2003) 63#2:468-75). Additionally, 2ME₂ has been shown tointeract with superoxide dismutase (SOD) 1 and SOD 2 and to inhibittheir enzymatic activities (Huang, P., Feng, L., Oldham, E. A., Keating,M. J., and Plunkett, W. 2000. Superoxide dismutase as a target for theselective killing of cancer cells, Nature. 407:390-5.). All cellulartargets described above are not necessarily mutually exclusive to theinhibitory effects of 2ME₂ in actively dividing cells.

The high affinity binding of 2ME₂ to SHBG has been mechanisticallyassociated to its efficacy in a canine model of prostate cancer, inwhich signaling by estradiol and 5α-androstan-3α,17β-diol were inhibitedby 2ME₂ (Ding, V. D., Moller, D. E., Feeney, W. P., Didolkar, V.,Nakhla, A. M., Rhodes, L., Rosner, W. and Smith, R. G., Sexhormone-binding globulin mediates prostate androgen receptor action viaa novel signaling pathway, Endocrinology 139, 213-218 (1998)).

The more relevant mechanisms described above have been extensivelydiscussed in Victor S. Pribluda, Theresa M. LaVallee and Shawn J. Green,2-Methoxyestradiol: A novel endogenous chemotherapeutic andantiangiogenic in The New Angiotherapy, Tai-Ping Fan and Robert Auerbacheds., Human Press Publisher.

Assays relevant to these mechanisms of action and inhibition of cellproliferation are well-known in the art. For example, anti-mitoticactivity mediated by effects on tubulin polymerization activity can beevaluated by testing the ability of an estradiol derivative to inhibittubulin polymerization and microtubule assembly in vitro. Microtubuleassembly can be followed in a Gilford recording spectrophotometer (model250 or 2400S) equipped with electronic temperature controllers. Areaction mixture typically contains 1.0 M monosodium glutamate (pH 6.6),1.0 mg/ml (10 μM) tubulin, 1.0 mM MgCl₂, 4% (v/v) dimethylsulfoxide and20-75 μM of a composition to be tested. The reaction mixtures areincubated for 15 min. at 37° C. and then chilled on ice. After additionof 10 μl 2.5 mM GTP, the reaction mixture is transferred to a cuvette at0° C., and a baseline established. At time zero, the temperaturecontroller of the spectrophotometer is set at 37° C. Microtubuleassembly is evaluated by increased turbity at 350 nm. Alternatively,inhibition of microtubule assembly can be followed by transmissionelectron microscopy as described in Example 2 of U.S. Pat. Nos.5,504,074, 5,661,143, and 5,892,069, the disclosures of which areincorporated herein by reference.

Other such assays include counting of cells in tissue culture plates orassessment of cell number through metabolic assays or incorporation intoDNA of labeled (radiochemically, for example ³H-thymidine, orfluorescently labeled) or immuno-reactive (BrdU) nucleotides. Inaddition, antiangiogenic activity may be evaluated through endothelialcell migration, endothelial cell tubule formation, or vessel outgrowthin ex-vivo models such as rat aortic rings.

Indications

The invention can be used to treat any disease characterized by abnormalcell mitosis and/or abnormal angiogenesis. Such diseases include, butare not limited to: abnormal stimulation of endothelial cells (e.g.,atherosclerosis), solid tumors and tumor metastasis, benign tumors, forexample, hemangiomas, acoustic neuromas, neurofibromas, trachomas, andpyogenic granulomas, vascular malfunctions, abnormal wound healing,inflammatory and immune disorders, Bechet's disease, gout or goutyarthritis, abnormal angiogenesis accompanying: rheumatoid arthritis,skin diseases, such as psoriasis, diabetic retinopathy, and other ocularangiogenic diseases such as retinopathy of prematurity (retrolentalfibroplasic), macular degeneration, corneal graft rejection, neuroscularglaucoma, liver diseases and Oster Webber syndrome (Osler-Weber Rendudisease).

Diseases associated with neovascularization can be treated according tothe present invention. Such diseases include, but are not limited to,diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, corneal graftrejection, neovascular glaucoma and retrolental fibroplasias, epidemickeratoconjunctivitis, Vitamin A deficiency, contact lens overwear,atopic keratitis, superior limbic keratitis, pterygium keratitis sicca,Sjögren's, acne rosacea, phylectenulosis, syphilis, Mycobacteriainfections, lipid degeneration, chemical burns, bacterial ulcers, fungalulcers, Herpes simplex infections, Herpes zoster infections, protozoaninfections, Kaposi's sarcoma, Mooren's ulcer, Terrien's marginaldegeneration, marginal keratolysis, trauma, rheumatoid arthritis,systemic lupus, polyarteritis, Wegener's sarcoidosis, Scleritis,Steven-Johnson disease, pemphigoid, radial keratotomy, and corneal graphrejection.

Other diseases associated with neovascularization can be treatedaccording to the present invention. Such diseases include, but are notlimited to, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, sickle cellanemia, sarcoid, syphilis, pseudoxanthoma elasticum, Paget's disease,vein occlusion, artery occlusion, carotid obstructive disease, chronicuveitis/vitritis, mycobacterial infections, Lyme's disease, systemiclupus erythematosis, retinopathy of prematurity, Eales' disease,Bechet's disease, infections causing a retinitis or choroiditis,presumed ocular histoplasmosis, Best's disease, myopia, optic pits,Stargart's disease, pars planitis, chronic retinal detachment,hyperviscosity syndromes, toxoplasmosis, trauma and post-lasercomplications. Other diseases include, but are not limited to, diseasesassociated with rubeosis (neovasculariation of the angle) and diseasescaused by the abnormal proliferation of fibrovascular or fibrous tissueincluding all forms of proliferative vitreoretinopathy, whether or notassociated with diabetes.

The present invention may also be used to treat cancerous diseases.Cancerous diseases include, but are not limited to, rhabdomyosarcoma,retinoblastoma, Ewing sarcoma, neuroblastoma, osteosarcoma, acousticneuromas, neurofibromas, hemangiomas, breast cancer, prostrate cancer,renal cell cancer, brain tumors, ovarian cancer, colon cancer, bladdercancer, cutaneous melanoma, liver cancer, and lung cancer.

Another disease that can be treated according to the present inventionis rheumatoid arthritis. It is believed that the blood vessels in thesynovial lining of the joints undergo angiogenesis. In addition toforming new vascular networks, the endothelial cells release factors andreactive oxygen species that lead to pannus growth and cartilagedestruction. The factors involved in angiogenesis may activelycontribute to, and help maintain, the chronically inflamed state ofrheumatoid arthritis.

Other diseases that can be treated according to the present inventionare hemangiomas, Osler-Weber-Rendu disease, or hereditary hemorrhagictelangiectasia, solid or blood borne tumors and acquired immunedeficiency syndrome.

In addition, the invention can be used to treat a variety ofpost-menopausal symptoms, osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease,Alzheimer's disease, to reduce the incidence of strokes, and as analternative to prior estrogen replacement therapies. The compounds ofthe present invention can work by estrogenic and non-estrogenicbiochemical pathways.

Also contemplated by the present invention are implants or other devicescomprised of the compounds or drugs of Formula I or prodrugs thereofwhere the drug or prodrug is formulated in a bio-degradable ornon-biodegradable polymer for sustained release. Non-biodegradablepolymers release the drug in a controlled fashion through physical ormechanical processes without the polymer itself being degraded.Biodegradable polymers are designed to gradually be hydrolyzed orsolubilized by natural processes in the body, allowing gradual releaseof the admixed drug or prodrug. Both bio-degradable andnon-biodegradable polymers and the process by which drugs areincorporated into the polymers for controlled release are well known tothose skilled in the art. Examples of such polymers can be found in manyreferences such as Brem et al, J. Neurosurg 74: pp. 441-446 (1991).These implants or devices can be implanted in the vicinity wheredelivery is desired, for example, at the site of a tumor or a stenosis.

Because anything not formed in the body as a natural component mayelicit extreme and unexpected responses, such as blood vessel closuredue to thrombus formation or spasm, and because damage to blood vesselsby the act of insertion of a vascular stent may be extreme and undulyinjurious to the blood vessel surface, it is prudent to protect againstsuch events. Restenosis is a re-narrowing or blockage of an artery atthe same site where treatment, such as an angioplasty or stentprocedure, has already taken place. If restenosis occurs within a stentthat has been placed in an artery, it is technically called “in-stentrestenosis,” the end result being a narrowing in the artery caused by abuild-up of substances that may eventually block the flow of blood. Thecompounds that are part of the present invention are especially usefulto coat vascular stents to prevent restenosis. The coating shouldpreferably be a biodegradable or non-biodegradable polymer that allowsfor a slow release of a compound of the present invention therebypreventing the restenosis event.

Prodrug

The present invention also relates to conjugated prodrugs and usesthereof. More particularly, the invention relates to conjugates ofestradiol compounds such as compounds of Formula I, and the use of suchconjugates in the prophylaxis or treatment of conditions associated withenhanced angiogenesis or accelerated cell division, such as cancer, andinflammatory conditions such as asthma and rheumatoid arthritis andhyperproliferative skin disorders including psoriasis. The inventionalso relates to compositions including the prodrugs of the presentinvention and methods of synthesizing the prodrugs.

In one aspect, the present invention provides a conjugated prodrug of anestradiol compound, preferably compounds of Formula I, conjugated to abiological activity modifying agent.

Alternatively, the conjugated prodrug according to the present inventionincludes the compounds of Formula I conjugated to a peptide moiety.

The incorporation of an estradiol compound, such as the compounds ofFormula I, into a disease-dependently activated pro-drug enablessignificant improvement of potency and selectivity of this anti-cancerand anti-inflammatory agent.

In addition to the compounds of the present invention, thepharmaceutical composition of this invention may also contain, or beco-administered (simultaneously or sequentially) with, one or morepharmacological agents of value in treating one or more diseaseconditions referred to hereinabove.

In addition, the compounds of Formula I or prodrug thereof may beincorporated into biodegradable or non-biodegradable polymers allowingfor sustained release, the polymers being implanted in the vicinity ofwhere delivery is desired, for example, at the site of a tumor. Polymersand their use are described in detail in Brem et al., J. Neurosurg74:441-446 (1991).

A person skilled in the art will be able by reference to standard texts,such as Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences 17th edition, to determinehow the formulations are to be made and how these may be administered.

In a further aspect of the present invention there is provided use ofcompounds of Formula I or prodrugs thereof according to the presentinvention for the preparation of a medicament for the prophylaxis ortreatment of conditions associated with angiogenesis or accelerated celldivision or inflammation.

In a further aspect of the present invention there is provided apharmaceutical composition comprising compounds of Formula I or prodrugsthereof according to the present invention, together with apharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient.

The pharmaceutical composition may be used for the prophylaxis ortreatment of conditions associated with angiogenesis or accelerated celldivision or inflammation.

In a still further aspect of the present invention there is provided amethod of prophylaxis or treatment of a condition associated withangiogenesis or accelerated or increased amounts of cell divisionhypertrophic growth or inflammation, said method including administeringto a patient in need of such prophylaxis or treatment an effectiveamount of compounds of Formula I or prodrugs thereof according to thepresent invention, as described above.

It should be understood that prophylaxis or treatment of said conditionincludes amelioration of said condition.

By “an effective amount” is meant a therapeutically or prophylacticallyeffective amount. Such amounts can be readily determined by anappropriately skilled person, taking into account the condition to betreated, the route of administration and other relevant factors. Such aperson will readily be able to determine a suitable dose, mode andfrequency of administration.

Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compound of the formula may beprepared in any conventional manner for example from the free base andacid. In vivo hydrolysable esters, amides and carbamates may be preparedin any conventional manner.

Improved Estradiol Derivative Synthesis

Known compounds that are used in accordance with the invention andprecursors to novel compounds according to the invention can bepurchased, e.g., from Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Steraloids orResearch Plus. Other compounds according to the invention can besynthesized according to known methods from publicly availableprecursors.

The chemical synthesis of estradiol has been described (Eder, V. et al.,Ber 109, 2948 (1976); Oppolzer, D. A. and Roberts, D A. Helv. Chim.Acta. 63, 1703, (1980)). The synthetic pathways used to prepare some ofthe derivatives of the present invention are based on modified publishedliterature procedures for estradiol derivatives (Trembley et al.,Bioorganic & Med. Chem. 1995 3, 505-523; Fevig et al., J. Org. Chem.,1987 52, 247-251; Gonzalez et al., Steroids 1982, 40, 171-187; Trembleyet al., Synthetic Communications 1995, 25, 2483-2495; Newkome et al., J.Org. Chem. 1966, 31, 677-681; Corey et al Tetrahedron Lett 1976, 3-6;Corey et al., Tetrahedron Lett, 1976, 3667-3668) and German Patent No.2757157 (1977).

Administration

The compositions described above can be provided as physiologicallyacceptable formulations using known techniques, and these formulationscan be administered by standard routes. In general, the combinations maybe administered by the topical, oral, rectal or parenteral (e.g.,intravenous, subcutaneous or intramuscular) route. In addition, thecombinations may be incorporated into polymers allowing for sustainedrelease, the polymers being implanted in the vicinity of where deliveryis desired, for example, at the site of a tumor or within or near theeye. The dosage of the composition will depend on the condition beingtreated, the particular derivative used, and other clinical factors suchas weight and condition of the patient and the route of administrationof the compound. However, for oral administration to humans, a dosage of0.01 to 100 mg/kg/day, especially 0.01-20 mg/kg/day, is generallypreferred.

The formulations include those suitable for oral, rectal, nasal,inhalation, topical (including dermal, transdermal, buccal andsublingual), vaginal or parenteral (including subcutaneous,intramuscular, intravenous, intradermal, intraocular, intratracheal, andepidural) and inhalation administration. The formulations mayconveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared byconventional pharmaceutical techniques. Such techniques include the stepof bringing into association the active ingredient and a pharmaceuticalcarrier(s) or excipient(s). In general, the formulations are prepared byuniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredientwith liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both, and then,if necessary, shaping the product.

Formulations of the present invention suitable for oral administrationmay be presented as discrete units such as capsules, cachets or tabletseach containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient; as apowder or granules; as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous liquidor a non-aqueous liquid; or as an oil-in-water liquid emulsion or awater-in-oil emulsion, etc.

A tablet may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one ormore accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared bycompressing, in a suitable machine, the active ingredient in afree-flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with abinder, lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, surface-active ordispersing agent. Molded tablets may be made by molding, in a suitablemachine, a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inertliquid diluent. The tablets may optionally be coated or scored and maybe formulated so as to provide a slow or controlled release of theactive ingredient therein.

Formulations suitable for topical administration in the mouth includelozenges comprising the ingredients in a flavored basis, usually sucroseand acacia or tragacanth; pastilles comprising the active ingredient inan inert basis such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia; andmouthwashes comprising the ingredient to be administered in a suitableliquid carrier.

Formulations suitable for topical administration to the skin may bepresented as ointments, creams, gels and pastes comprising theingredient to be administered in a pharmaceutical acceptable carrier. Apreferred topical delivery system is a transdermal patch containing theingredient to be administered.

Formulations for rectal administration may be presented as a suppositorywith a suitable base comprising, for example, cocoa butter or asalicylate.

Formulations suitable for nasal administration, wherein the carrier is asolid, include a coarse powder having a particle size, for example, inthe range of 20 to 500 microns which is administered in the manner inwhich snuff is taken, i.e., by rapid inhalation through the nasalpassage from a container of the powder held close up to the nose.Suitable formulations, wherein the carrier is a liquid, foradministration, as for example, a nasal spray or as nasal drops, includeaqueous or oily solutions of the active ingredient.

Formulations suitable for vaginal administration may be presented aspessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or spray formulationscontaining, in addition to the active ingredient, ingredients such ascarriers as are known in the art to be appropriate.

Formulation suitable for inhalation may be presented as mists, dusts,powders or spray formulations containing, in addition to the activeingredient, ingredients such as carriers as are known in the art to beappropriate.

Formulations suitable for parenteral administration include aqueous andnon-aqueous sterile injection solutions which may contain anti-oxidants,buffers, bacteriostats and solutes which render the formulation isotonicwith the blood of the intended recipient; and aqueous and non-aqueoussterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and thickeningagents. The formulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dosecontainers, for example, sealed ampules and vials, and may be stored ina freeze-dried (lyophilized) conditions requiring only the addition ofthe sterile liquid carrier, for example, water for injections,immediately prior to use. Extemporaneous injection solutions andsuspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules and tabletsof the kinds previously described.

Preferred unit dosage formulations are those containing a daily dose orunit, daily sub-dose, as herein above recited, or an appropriatefraction thereof, of the administered ingredient.

It should be understood that in addition to the ingredients,particularly mentioned above, the formulations of the present inventionmay include other agents conventional in the art having regard to thetype of formulation in question, for example. those suitable for oraladministration may include flavoring agents.

The present invention includes compositions and methods for treatingmammalian disease characterized by pathogenic angiogenesis byadministering compounds of Formula I. The 2-methoxyestradiol, andderivatives thereof, are modified at the 3 and 17 positions.Combinations which are physically impossible are not contemplated bythis invention, such as a carbon atom containing 5 bonds.

100% pure isomers are contemplated by this invention, however astereochemical isomer labeled as α or β may be a mixture of both in anyratio, where it is chemically possible by one skilled in the art. Alsocontemplated by this invention are both classical and non-classicalbioisosteric atom and substituent replacements, such as are described byPatani and Lavoie (Bio-isosterism: a rational approach in drug designChem. Rev. (1996) p. 3147-3176) and are well known to one skilled in theart. Such bioisosteric replacements include, for example, substitutionof ═S or ═NH for ═O.

The synthetic routes for this series of analogs are summarized inSchemes 1-7. Schemes 1 and 2 present the preparation of the singly anddoubly substituted templates that are required as precursors for thetriply substituted analogs. Schemes 3-7 present on the modification ofposition 3 of the templates derived from Schemes 1 and 2. Thesesynthetic routes present one potential way to prepare this series ofanalogs, and other synthetic routes (including modifying the order ofsynthetic steps or reagents) are possible to someone skilled in the art.

In Scheme 1, the 2-methoxy, 2-ethoxy or 2-propynyl derivatives, whichare either commercially available or can be readily prepared byliterature methods (Wang et al, Synthetic Comm 1998, 28, 4431, Cushmanet al J. Med. Chem. 1995, 38, 2041, Cushman et al J. Med. Chem. 1997,40, 2323, Cushman et al J. Med. Chem. 2002, 45, 4748), are oxidizedusing the Oppenauer oxidation. The resulting ketone can be deoxygenatedusing the Wolf-Kishner reduction (Shapiro R, J. et al J. Org Chem. 1964,86, 2825-2832.) or olefinated (Schow et al J. Org. Chem. 1979, 44, 22.Irubner et al J. Org. Chem. 1968, 33, 1715.) using the Wittig reaction.Both the 17-methylene and 17-ethylene estrane analogs can be reduced tothe alkane using catalytic reduction.

In specific cases, the nature of protecting groups or the order ofreactions may have to be altered to reach the desired products. Thesechanges to the general synthetic schemes would be well understood to oneskilled in the art. For instance, in the case where the desired 2functionality is a propyne and the desired 17-functionality is an alkylgroup, catalytic hydrogenation could not be carried out on the 17-olefinsince the 2-alkyne would also be reduced. Scheme 2 presents a syntheticroute to prepare analog 18. In this example, the 17 methyl is introducedas in Scheme 1 starting with estrone, and subsequently the 2-propyne isincorporated using a literature method (Cushman et al J. Med. Chem.2002, 45, 4748).

Schemes 3-7 feature the further modification of the templates generatedin Schemes 1 and 2. In Scheme 3, templates 4, 5 or 6 can be converted tothe 3-sulfamate derivative (19, 20 or 21) with sulfamoyl chloride andeither sodium hydride (Howarth et al J. Med. Chem. 1994, 37, 219) or2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylpyridine (Coibanu et al J. Med. Chem. 1999,42, 2280). To prepare analogs 22-24, triflic anhydride was added to asolution of 4, 5 or 6 in dichloromethane and pyridine at 0° C. usingEchavarren's procedure (Echvarren et al J. Am. Chem. 1987, 109, 5478).The triflate is a versatile synthetic intermediate and was used toincorporate a wide range of functional groups at position 3. One utilityof the triflate is its conversion to the vinyl analog via palladiumcatalyized substitution with a vinyl functionality (analogs 25-27) (Shiet al J. Med Chem. 2002, 124, 6921). The carboxylic acid derivatives(28-30) were also prepared by palladium catalysis as well (Shi et alChem. & Biol. 2001, 8, 501). The carboxylic acid could also be convertedto the corresponding amide using thionyl chloride and ammonia gas (Tomasde, Paulis, et. at. J. Med. Chem. 1986, 29, 61). The triflate could beconverted directly to a carboxamide using a procedure described byMorera (Tetrahedron Letters, 1998, 39, 2835-2838). Alternatively, thetriflate could be converted to an amine via palladium catalyzedsubstitution of the triflate with benzophenone imine, subsequenthydrolysis yielded the corresponding amine (analogs 34-36) (Wolfe et alTetrahedron Lett 1997, 38, 6367). The 3-amine could be converted to3-fluoro analogs using the diazonium salt intermediate (Morrow J. Med.Chem. 1966, 9, 249). Additionally, ketones 34-36 can be reduced to thecorresponding alcohols 37-39 with lithium aluminum hydride at −78° C.then converted to amides 43-45 with trimethylacetic formyl anhydride(Vleitstra et al Recueil 1982, 101, 460). Schemes 4-7 use analogouschemistry to prepare other triply modified steroid analogs.

Compounds according to the present invention may be prepared using thereaction schemes shown below:

EXPERIMENTAL DATA

The following Examples refer to compounds of the following generalFormula I:

wherein R_(a) is selected from —OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃ or —CCCH₃; Z′ is selectedfrom >C—F, >C—NH₂, >CCONH₂, >C—NHCOH, >C—OSO₂NH₂ or >C—CHCH₂, and Z″ isselected from >C(H₂), >C(H)—CH₃, >C═CH₂, >C═CHCH₃ or >C═O; provided thatwhen Z′ is >C—OSO₂NH₂ and Z″ is >C(H₂) or >C═O, R_(a) is neither —OCH₃nor —OCH₂CH₃. Preferred species from the foregoing genus that are usefulin the present invention include, but are not limited to, the compoundsshown in Table I. TABLE I 3-Amines

3-Carbamides

3-Formamides

3-Sulfamates

3-Vinyls

3-Fluoro

Each of the foregoing compounds from Table I are found to haveanti-mitotic, anti-angiogenic and/or anti-tumor properties.

In an alternate disclosed embodiment of the present invention, preferredspecies from the foregoing genus that are useful in the presentinvention include, but are not limited to, the compounds shown in TableII. TABLE II

In another alternate disclosed embodiment of the present invention,preferred species from the foregoing genus that are useful in thepresent invention include, but are not limited to, the compounds shownin Table III. TABLE III

EXAMPLE 1

The procedures described below are for specific compounds. However,these reactions can be applied to all examples in this patent by oneskilled in the art. References to compound #s below correspond to thenumbers assigned to the compounds shown in the synthesis Schemes 1-7above.

Representative oxidation of estradiol analogs to estrone analogs:2-ethoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-3-ol-17-one (Compound #5):2-Ethoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-3,17-diol (#2, 1.88 g, 5.67 mmol) wasplaced in a 250 mL round bottom flask that was equipped with a 25 mTDean-Stark trap and a reflux condenser. The entire apparatus had beenflame dried under an argon atmosphere. Toluene (50 mL) was added todissolve the starting material. Aluminum isopropoxide (5.7 g, 28.4 mmol)and cyclohexanone (23.5 mL, 2.26.8 mmol) were added and the entirereaction mixture was heated at reflux (145-150° C.) for 20 h. Saturatedaqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (100 mL) was added after thereaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature. The organicmaterial was extracted with dichloromethane (3×150 mL). The aqueousemulsion was acidified with 3 N HCl (˜20 mL) until the emulsionseparated and again, the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate(2×75 mL). The combined organic extracts were dried over magnesiumsulfate and condensed in vacuo. The crude product was purified via flashchromatography (silica gel, hexanes ethyl acetate 8:1 by volume) toproduce #5 as a white solid (1.7 g, 94%). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 6.78(s, 1H), 6.66 (s, 1H), 5.49 (s, 1H), 4.07 (dq, J=6.9 and 1.6 Hz, 2H),2.83 (m, 2H), 2.52 (m, 2H), 2.36-1.37 (m, 11H), 1.42 (t, J=7 Hz, 3H),0.92 (s, 3H).

Synthesis of 2-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3-ol (Compound #7): Into astirring suspension of 2-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-3-ol-17-one (#4,8.1 g, 30 mmol) in diethylene glycol (60 mL), 1-butanol (20 mL) andhydrazine anhydrous (2 mL, 60 mmol) were added. The reaction mixture washeated under reflux for 1 hour and the solution cleared. After coolingreaction mixture to 50° C., KOH pellets (5.04 g, 90 mmol) were added andthe butanol was distilled. The reaction mixture was heated at 50° C. for2 hours and then cooled to room temperature. After the mixture waspoured onto ice (50 g), 6N HCl (20 mL) was added with stirring to givewhite solid product. The product was separated by filtration, washedwith cold water and dried under vacuum to give 7.5 g (90%) product. Theproduct was purified on silica gel column eluted with CHCl₃/MeOH 99:1.¹H NMR in CDCl₃ confirmed the product as2-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3-ol (7).

Representative procedure for preparation of 17-olefin-2-alkoxyestrane or17-olefin-2-alkylestraneanalogs—2-methoxy-17(20)-methyleneestra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3-ol (Compound#10): Potassium-tert-amylate (1.54 M, toluene, 4.35 mL 6.69 mmol,prepared as in Schow et al J. Org. Chem. 1979, 44, 3760) was added to asuspension of methyl triphenylphosphonium bromide (2.39 g, 6.69 mmol) inanhydrous benzene and refluxed for 30 min. 2-Methoxyestrone (#4, 300 mg,1 mmol) in warm benzene (5 mL) was added and the mixture was refluxedfor 3 h. The reaction was cooled to room temperature, poured into 100 mLwater, washed with ether (2×100 mL). The combined organics were washedwith 6 M HCl (1×100 mL), NaHCO₃ (saturated, 1×100 mL), water (1×100 mL),and brine (1×100 mL). Dry with sodium sulfate, filter and rotoevap togive a semi solid-yellowish oil. Purify by silica gel columnchromatography using 95:5 chloroform:methanol as an eluent. Obtain 220mg 2-methoxy-17(20)-methyleneestra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3-ol (#10, 0.738mmol, 73% yield). Selected spectral data: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 6.83(s, 1H), 6.67 (s, 1H), 5.44 (br s, 1H), 4.70 (t, J=2.26 Hz, 2H), 3.89(s, 3H), 2.86-2.74 (m, 2H), 2.64-2.49 (m, 1H), 2.39-2.17 (m, 3H),2.02-1.78 (m, 3H), 1.65-1.19 (m, 6H), 0.85 (s, 3H). ¹³C NMR (75 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 162.2, 144.9, 143.8, 132.3, 130.0, 115.0, 108.5, 101.2, 77.6,56.5, 53.9, 44.7, 39.2, 36.2, 29.9, 29.5, 28.1, 27.3, 24.3, 19.0.Analytical (C₂₀H₂₆O₂); calculated C=80.48, H=8.79; found C=80.60,H=8.77.

2-Methoxy-19-norpregna-1,3,5(10)17(20)-tetraene-3-ol (Compound #13):Reaction conditions in general same as in preparation of #10 exceptreaction scale was doubled and ethyl triphenylphosphonium bromide wasused, from 2-methoxyestrone (613 mg, 2.04 mmol) obtain 540 mg (1.73mmol, 84% yield) of final product. Selected spectral data: ¹H NMR (300MHz, CDCl₃) δ 6.82 (s, 1H), 6.67 (s, 1H), 5.44 (s, 1H), 5.23-5.07 (m,1H), 3.88 (s, 3H), 2.86-2.72 (m, 2H), 2.51-2.38 (m, 2H), 2.38-2.17 (m,3H), 1.99-1.88 (m, 1H), 1.83-1.68 (m, 4H), 1.49-1.20 (m, 6H), 0.94 (s, Zisomer) and 0.80 (s, E isomer, total 3H, ratio 5:1 respectively). ¹³CNMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 153.0 (E isomer) and 150.7 (Z isomer), 145.0,143.8, 132.4, 130.0, 115.0, 113.8, 110.6 (Z isomer) and 108.4 (Eisomer), 56.5, 55.6, 54.1, 45.0 (Z isomer) and 44.5 (E isomer), 39.0 (Eisomer) and 38.7 (Z isomer), 37.7 (Z isomer) and 36.6 (E isomer), 31.9,29.5, 28.1 (E isomer) and 28.0 (Z isomer), 27.7 (Z isomer) and 27.4 (Eisomer), 24.5 (Z isomer) and 24.4 (E isomer), 19.5 (E isomer) and 17.4(Z isomer), 14.0 (E isomer) and 13.6 (Z isomer). Analytical (C₂₁H₂₈O₂);calculated C=80.73 H=8.79; found C=80.60 H=8.77.

Representative procedure for preparation of 17-alkyl-2-methoxyestradiolanalogs: 2-methoxy-17β-methylestra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3-ol (Compound #16):17-Methylene-2-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)triene-3-ol (471.9 mg, 1.58 mmol)was dissolved ethyl acetate (20 ml) in a Parr bottle which was thenflushed with Ar. Pd/C 10% (47.5 mg) was added and reaction mixture wasthen subjected to hydrogenation in Parr hydrogenater for an hour under30 psi of hydrogen. Reaction mixture was then filtered through Celiteand solvent was removed via rotary evaporation to yield 472.5 mg whitecrystals (1.57 mmol, 99% yield) of the final product2-methoxy-17β-methylestra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3-ol. Selected spectral data:¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 6.82 (s, 1H), 6.66 (s, 1H), 5.43 (s, 1H), 3.88(s, 3H), 2.85-2.70 (m, 2H), 2.32-2.15 (m, 2H), 1.94-1.68 (m, 4H),1.52-1.12 (m, 8H), 0.90 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.61 (s, 3H). ¹³C NMR (75MHz, CDCl₃) δ 144.90, 143.75, 132.65, 130.11, 114.99, 108.51, 56.46,55.21, 45.58, 44.85, 42.74, 39.39, 37.97, 30.65, 29.52, 28.38, 27.21,24.83, 14.34, 12.44. Analytical (C₂₀H₂₈O₂); calculated C=79.96 H=9.39;found C=79.98 H=9.49.

Preparation of 3-sulfamate-2-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one(Compound #19): Prepared as depicted in Scheme 3 using representativeprocedures. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.06 (s, 1H), 6.93 (s, 1H), 4.93(s, 2H), 3.88 (s, 3H), 2.86 (m, 2H), 2.58-1.26 (m, 313H), 0.92 (s, 1H).

Preparation of 3-sulfamate-2-ethoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one(Compound #20): Prepared as depicted in Scheme 3 using representativeprocedures. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.02 (s, 1H), 6.93 (s, 1H), 5.04(br s, 2H), 4.12 (m, 2H), 3.73 (t, J=8.33 Hz, 1H), 2.78 (m, 2H),2.28-1.17 (m, 13H), 1.43 (t, J=6.98 Hz, 3H), 0.78 (s, 3H).

Representative procedure for the preparation of triflic esters:Preparation of2-methoxy-3-trifluoromethanesulfonylestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one(Compound #22): 2-Methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one-3-ol (2.4 g, 8.0mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous dichloromethane (80 mL), anhydrouspyridine (20 mL) was added and the mixture was cooled to 0° C. Triflicanhydride (2 mL, 11.89 mmol, 1.5 eq) was added drop wise, then allowedto warm to room temperature with stirring for 18 h. The reaction mixturewas poured into water (300 mL) and additional dichloromethane (150 mL)was added. The layers were separated, and the organic was washed withwater (200 mL), 10% HCl (2×100 mL) and brine (100 mL). The organic layerwas dried with MgSO₄, filtered and solvent was removed under reducedpressure. The product was purified using a SiO₂ Biotage FLASH apparatususing 5:1 hexanes ethyl acetate as eluent, obtain 2.3801 g (5.51 mmol,68% yield) as final product. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 6.96 (s, 1H),6.95 (s, 1H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 2.87 (dd, J=4.2, 6.4 Hz, 2H), 2.61-2.95 (m,8H), 1.74-1.36 (m, 5H), 0.94 (s, 3H).

Synthesis of 2-methoxy-3-(vinyl)estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-17-one (Compound#25): Tributyl(vinyl)tin(I) (200 μL, 0.6 mmol), lithium chloride (85 mg,2 mmol), dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (II) (10 mg, 0.05mmol), 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (2 mg) was added to a solutionof 2-methoxy-3-trifluoromethanesulfoneestra-1,3,5(10)-triene-17-one (216mg, 0.5 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (4 mL) at room temperature. The reactionwas heated at 90° C. for 18 h and then cooled to room temperature.HF-pyridine (4 mL) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred for anadditional 6 h. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc (20 mL) and filteredthrough Celite filter agent. The combined organics were washed with 1 NHCl (1×100 mL), water (1×100 mL), and brine (1×100 mL), dried withsodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated via rotary evaporation togive a semi solid viscous oil. The product was purified on a flashsilica gel column eluted with a hexane/EtOAc 5:1 mixture to give a whitesolid product (75 mg, 30%); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 7.20 (s, 1H), 7.00 (dd,J=14, 11 Hz, vinyl, 1H), 6.82 (s, 1H), 5.70 (d, J=18, vinyl, 1H), 5.22(d, J=11, vinyl, 1H) 3.88 (s, 3H), 2.85 (m, 2H), 2.52 (dd, J=3 Hz, 1H),2.44-1.88 (m, 6H), 1.72-1.35 (m, 6H), 0.95 (s, 3H).

Alternate synthesis of 2-methoxy-3-(vinyl)estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-17β-ol(Compound #25a): Into a solution of3-triflate-2-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17β-ol (218 mg, 0.5 mmol,prepared as in Shi J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 6921) in 4 mL DMF(anhydrous), was added tributyl(vinyl)Tin(I) (200 μL, 0.6 mmol), lithiumchloride (85 mg, 2 mmol), dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (II)(10 mg, 0.05 mmol), 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (2 mg) at roomtemperature. The reaction was heated at 90° C. for 24 h and then cooledto room temperature. After adding HF-pyridine (4 mL) the reactionmixture was stirred for 16 h. After diluting with EtOAc (20 mL) thereaction mixture was filtered through Celite filter agent and thecombined organics were washed with 1 N HCl (1×100 mL), water (1×100 mL),and brine (1×100 mL), then dried with sodium sulfate, filtered, andconcentrated via rotary evaporation to give a semi solid viscous oil.The product was purified on a flash silica gel column eluted with ahexane/EtOAc 2:1 mixture to give a white solid product (140 mg, 60%). ¹HNMR (CDCl₃ δ 7.20 (s, 1H), 7.00 (dd, J=14, 11 Hz, vinyl, 1H) 6.80 (s,1H), 5.70 (d, J=18 Hz, vinyl, 1H), 5.22 (d, J=11 Hz, vinyl, 1H), 3.85(s, 3H), 2.72 (t, J=4 Hz, 1H), 2.85 (dd, J=5 Hz, 2H), 2.44-1.88 (m, 6H),1.80-1.15 (m, 8H), 0.80 (s, 3H).

Synthesis of 2-methoxy-3-(carboxylic acid)estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-17-one(Compound #28): Potassium acetate (786 mg, 8 mmol), palladium (II)acetate (40 mg, 0.1 mmol), 1,1-bis(diphenylphosphine)-ferrocene (dppp)(200 mg, 0.4 mmol) were added to a solution of #22 (175 mg, 0.4 mmol) in4 mL DMSO (anhydrous) at room temperature. The mixture was purged withCO gas for five minutes at room temperature then heated at 50° C. for 18h under CO (balloon) and cooled to room temperature. After diluting withwater, the reaction mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (1×20 mL) washedwith 1 N HCl (1×10 mL), water (1×10 mL), and brine (1×10 mL), then driedwith sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated via rotary evaporationto give a dark viscous oil. The product was purified on a flash silicagel column eluted with a hexane/EtOAc 1:2 mixture to give a white solidproduct (40 mg, 30%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 10.92 (br s, 1H), 7.91 (s, 1H),6.95 (s, 1H), 4.05 (s, 3H), 2.85 (dd, J=5 hz, 2H), 2.42-1.85 (m, 6H),1.65-1.15 (m, 8H), 0.80 (s, 3H).

Representative procedure for conversion of 3-(carboxyl acid)estranederivative to 3-(carboxamide)estrane analog: Synthesis of2-methoxy-3-carboxamideestra-1,3,5(10)-triene-17-one (Compound #31): A150 mg portion of #28 (0.5 mmol) was dissolved in SOCl₂ at roomtemperature and then reaction mixture was heated at 50-60° C. for 2 huntil gas evolution ceased. The remaining SOCl₂ was removed under vacuumto give a dark viscous oil. The product was diluted with THF anhydrous(5 mL) and NH₃ gas was bubbled for 5 minutes. Soon a white precipitateof NH₄Cl formed. The reaction mixture was diluted with THF, filtered andevaporated to give viscous product. The product was purified on a flashsilica gel column eluted with a hexane/EtOAc 1:2 mixture to give a whitesolid product (60 g, 30%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 7.95 (s, 1H), 7.82 (br s,1H), 6.95 (s, 1H), 5.72 (br s, 1H), 3.95 (s, 3H), 2.95 (dd, J=5 Hz, 2H),2.42-1.85 (m, 6H), 1.65-1.15 (m, 8H), 0.80 (s, 3H).

Representative preparation of 3-(benzophenone imine)estranederivatives—Preparation of3-dibenzylimine-2-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one:3-Trifluoromethanesulfonyl-2-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one (908mg, 2.367 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous toluene (6 mL) and Pd(OAc)₂(30 mg, 5.7 mol %), rac BINAP (135 mg, 9.2 mol %), Cs₂CO₃ (1.0729 g,3.29 mmol, dried overnight in vacuum oven) and benzophenone imine (436L, 2.6 mmol) were added. The mixture was refluxed for 60 h, cooled toroom temperature, and diethyl ether (200 mL) was then added. Theresulting mixture was filtered through celite, and solvent was removedunder reduced pressure. The mixture was purified using SiO₂ with aBiotage FLASH apparatus with 5:1 hexanes: ethyl acetate as eluent.Obtain 906 mg (1.96 mmol, 58% yield) as final product. ¹H NMR (300 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 7.86-7.14 (m, 10H), 6.67 (s, 1H), 6.37 (s, 1H), 3.65 (s, 3H),2.80-2.59 (m, 2H), 2.58-1.85 (m, 8H), 1.69-1.23 (m, 5H), 0.93 (s, 3H).

Representative procedure for hydrolysis of 3-(benzophenone imine)estranederivatives to 3-aminoestrane derivatives—Preparation of3-amino-2-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one (Compound #34):3-Dibenzylimine-2-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one (906 mg, 1.96mmol) was dissolved in THF (10 mL) and 2M HCl (2 mL) was added withstirring for 4 h. The reaction mixture was partitioned between 2:1hexanes:ethyl acetate and 0.5M HCl (100 mL each). The aqueous layer wasadjusted to pH=10 with 10M NaOH and then washed with dichlormethane(2×150 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine (100 mL), dried withNa₂SO₄, filtered and solvent was removed under reduced pressure. Obtain438 mg (1.46 mmol, 75% yield) as final product. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃)δ 6.74 (s, 1H), 6.49 (s, 1H), 3.95 (br s, 2H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 2.89-2.69(m, 2H), 2.60-1.88 (m, 8H), 1.74-1.34 (m, 5H), 0.93 (s, 3H).

3-Amino-2-ethoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one (Compound #35): Prepared asdepicted in Scheme 3 using the representative procedures: ¹H NMR (300MHz, CDCl₃) δ 6.74 (s, 1H), 6.50 (s, 1H), 4.05 (q, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 3.70(br s, 2H), 2.86-2.73 (m, 2H), 2.60-1.91 (m, 13H), 1.44 (t, J=6.8 Hz,3H), 0.93 (s, 3H).

Representative procedure to prepare 3-fluoroestrane analogs: Preparationof 3-fluoro-2-methoxyestra-1,3,5(110)-trien-17-one (Compound #40):3-Amino-2-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one (#34, 439 mg, 1.468 mmol)was dissolved in ethanol (10 mL) and HBF₄ (48% aqueous, 5 mL) and cooledto 0° C. NaNO₂ (124 mg, 1.797 mmol in water (0.5 mL) was added andstirred for 2.5 h. Diethyl ether (500 mL) was added, caused an oil toform. The supernatant was decanted off, and the flask was dried undervacuo causing the oil to foam. This foam was stored overnight undervacuo at 80° C. and was subsequently purified using SiO₂ Biotage FLASHapparatus with 2:1 hexanes:ethyl acetate as eluent. Obtain 92 mg (0.305mmol, 21% yield). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 6.91 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 6.82(d, J=12.1 Hz, 1H), 3.88 (s, 3H), 2.95-2.77 (m, 2H), 2.61-1.92 (m, 8H),1.73-1.36 (m, 5H), 0.94 (s, 3H). This compound was reduced with NaBH₄ atroom temperature or LiAlH₄ at −78° C. to give the corresponding 17alcohol.

Preparation of 3-Formamide-2-methoxyestra-1,3-5(10)-trien-17-ol(Compound #34): Same reaction procedure as the preparation of #88,except the 17-ester was cleaved with methanolic NaOH. ¹H NMR (300 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 8.7 (d, J=11.7 Hz, rotamer 2), 8.44 (s, rotamer 1) and 8.10 (s,rotamer 2, total 1H), 7.72 (br s) and 7.58 (m, exchangeable amide H),6.90 (d, J=16.2 Hz, rotamer 1), 6.84 (s, rotamer 1, 1H) (total of all Hfrom 8.7-6.84 (m, 4H), 3.88 (s, rotamer 1) and 3.86 (s, rotamer 2, total3H), 3.76 (m, 1H), 2.88-2.77 (m, 2H), 2.40-1.13 (m, 14H), 0.81 (s, 3H).

Preparation of 3-formamide-2-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-triene-17-one(Compound 43a): Prepared as depicted in Scheme 3 using representativeprocedures. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.73 (d, J=11.5 Hz, rotamer 1),8.46 (d, J=1.9 Hz, rotamer 1) and 8.13 (s, rotamer 2, total 1H), 7.76(br s, rotamer 1) and 7.68-7.61 (m, rotamer 2, total 1H), 6.94 (s,rotamer 1) and 6.85 (s, rotamer 2), 6.82 (s, 1H) (all H between 8.73 and6.82 total 4H), 4.16-4.01 (m, 2H), 2.94-2.76 (m, 2H), 2.62-1.15 (m,15H), 1.47 (app t, J=7.0 and 7.7 Hz, 3H), 0.94 (s, 3H).

Preparation of 3-Formamide-2-ethoxyestra-1,3-5(10)-trien-17-one(Compound #44a): Prepared as depicted in Scheme 3 using representativeprocedure for #88. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.74 (d, J=11.7 Hz, rotamer2), 8.46 (d, J=2.08 Hz, rotamer 1) and 8.13 (s, rotamer 2, total 1H),7.76 (br s, rotamer 1) and 7.69-7.61 (m, rotamer 2, total 1H), 6.88 (d,J=15 Hz, rotamer 1), 6.28 (s, 1H) (all protons from 8.74-6.28 total 4H),4.16-4.01 (m, 2H), 2.95-2.77 (m, 2H), 2.63-1.18 (m, 16H), 0.94 (s, 3H).

Preparation of 3-sulfamate-2-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-triene (Compound#46): Prepared as depicted in Scheme 4 using representative procedures.¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.06 (s, 1H), 6.97 (s, 1H), 4.96 (br s, 2H),3.89 (s, 3H), 2.85-2.78 (m, 2H), 2.33-2.19 (m, 2H), 2.00-1.11 (m, 13H),0.77 (s, 3H).

Preparation of 3-Triflic-2-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-triene (Compound #49):Same general procedure as the preparation of #22. ¹H NMR (300 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 6.97 (s, 1H), 6.92 (s, 1H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 2.93-2.75 (m, 2H),2.35-2.19 (m, 2H), 2.03-1.06 (m, 15H), 0.77 (s, 3H).

Preparation of 3-Vinyl-2-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-triene (Compound #52):Prepared as depicted in Scheme 4 using the representative procedures: ¹HNMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.20 (s, 1H), 7.00 (dd, J=14.5, 11.2 Hz, 1H),6.85 (s, 1H), 5.71 (d, J=17.7 Hz, 1H), 5.22 (d, J=11.3 Hz, 1H), 3.85 (s,3H), 2.88-2.78 (m, 2H), 2.35-2.22 (m, 2H), 2.01-1.10 (m, 11H), 0.95 (t,J=7.54, 2H), 0.77 (s, 3H).

Preparation of (2-Methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-3-yl)-3-carboxamide(Compound #58): A 500 mL round-bottomed flask fitted with an overheadstirrer, a Claisen adaptor with a thermocouple probe and carbon monoxideinlet, and a vacuum inlet, was charged with2-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-3-yl-(trifluoromethyl)sulfonate (#49, 24g, 57.35 mmol), anhydrous dimethylformamide (185 mL), palladium (II)chloride (0.500 g, 2.87 mmol), 1,3-bis(diphenylphospino)propane (2.37 g,5.74 mmol), and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazane (48 mL, 229 mmol). Theresulting yellow solution was stirred and evacuated, flushed with carbonmonoxide (balloon) several times, then heated to 102° C. for 12 h.Additional palladium (II) chloride (0.500 g),1,3-bis(diphenylphospino)propane (2.40 g), and hexamethyldisilazane (30mL) were added and the mixture was re-evacuated, charged with carbonmonoxide, and heated at 102° C. for an additional 12 h. Methanol (50 mL)was added and, after several minutes, the dark solution was partitionedwith ethyl acetate (1000 mL) and 2 N sulfuric acid (1000 mL). Theaqueous phase was extracted with ethyl acetate (2×250 mL), the combinedorganic extracts were washed with additional sulfuric acid (500 mL), andthe aqueous phase was back-extracted with ethyl acetate (2×250 mL), andthe total combined dark organic layers were washed with saturatedaqueous sodium bicarbonate (500 mL) and dried over sodium sulfate (400g). Suction-filtration through a plug of silica gel 60 (136 g) andconcentration afforded 19 g of crude product as a red paste. This waspurified by flash chromatography using 430 g of silica gel, and elutingwith 10% ethyl acetate-dichloromethane. The product-containing fractionswere concentrated, then taken up in acetone and re-concentrated (2×2000mL). The yellow solid was then slurried in n-heptane (200 mL) overnightand isolated by suction-filtration. Removal of residual solvent, anddrying to a constant weight over 3 h in a vacuum oven at 70° C. and 0.5torr, afforded 5.07 g (28% overall) of #58 as an off-white powder. ¹HNMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 10.82 (br s, 1H), 7.99 (s, 1H), 6.95 (s, 1H),4.05 (s, 3H), 2.95 (dd, 2H, J=5), 2.15 (m 2H,) 2.02-1.65 (m, 6H),1.55-1.15 (m, 8H), 0.80 (s, 3H). C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 167.6, 156.1,147.1, 132.9, 130.0, 116.0, 108.7, 56.2, 54.0, 45.2, 41.2, 40.7, 39.0,38.6, 28.8, 28.2, 26.7, 25.5, 20.8, 17.8.

Preparation of 3-amino-2-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-triene (Compound #61):Prepared as depicted in Scheme 4 using representative procedures. ¹HNMR, (CDCl₃,) δ 6.80 (1H, s, aromatic), 6.48 (1H, s, aromatic), 3.87(3H, s), 3.65 (2H, broad, NH₂), 2.75 (2H, dd, J=5.0, 3.0 Hz), 2.25 (2H,m), 1.97 (2H, m), 1.80-1.05 (11H, m), 0.80 (3H, s).

Preparation of 3-formamide-2-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-triene (Compound#64): Prepared as depicted in Scheme 4 using representative procedures.¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.70 (d, J=11.7 Hz, rotamer 2), 8.44 (d, J=1.7Hz, rotamer 2) and 8.09 (s, rotamer 1, total 1H), 7.71 (br s, rotamer 1)and 7.62-7.53 (m, rotamer 2, total 1H), 6.90 (d, J=10.4 Hz, rotamer 1),6.85 (s, 1H) (all protons from 8.70-6.85 total 4H), 3.88 (s, rotamer 1)and 3.86 (s, rotamer 2, total 3H), 2.91-2.77 (m, 2H), 2.33-2.18 (m, 2H),2.00-1.08 (m, 13H), 0.77 (s, 3H).

Representative procedure for preparation of sulfamate derivatives:17-methylene-3-sulfamate-2-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-triene (Compound #70):Sodium hydride (268 mg, 11.2 mmol) was added to anhydrous DMF (40 mL)and cooled to 0° C., then17-methylene-2-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3-ol in anhydrous DMF (8mL) was added drop wise. The mixture was stirred for 2 h at roomtemperature. Sulfamoyl chloride (prepared freshly as in Peterson et alJ. Med. Chem. 1992, 35, 3991) was added in portions at 0° C. and stirredovernight at room temperature. The mixture was poured into water (100mL) and washed with ethyl acetate (3×100 mL). The combined organiclayers were washed with water (4×100 mL) and brine (100 mL). Theorganics were dried with MgSO₄, filtered and solvent was removed underreduced pressure to obtain a white solid. After drying under vacuo for24 h, obtain 441 mg product (70% yield, 1.17 mmol). ¹H NMR (300 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 7.07 (s, 1H), 6.98 (s, 1H), 4.96 (s, 2H), 4.71 (s, 2H), 3.91(s, 3H), 2.93-2.73 (m, 2H), 2.65-1.15 (m, 13H), 0.85 (s, 3H).

Preparation of 3-triflic-17-methylene-2-methoxyestra-1,3,5(110)-triene(Compound #73): Prepared as depicted in Scheme 5 using representativeprocedures. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 6.98 (s, 1H), 6.93 (s, 1H),4.73-4.68 (m, 2H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 2.88-2.78 (m, 2H), 2.64-2.50 (m, 1H),2.41-1.18 (m, 13H), 0.85 (s, 3H).

Alternate preparation of 3-carboxamide estrane derivatives directly fromtriflate—Preparation of2-Methoxy-17-methyleneestra-1,3,5(110)-triene-3-carboxamide (Compound#82): General procedure based on Tetrahedron Letters, 1998, 39,2835-2838. A 250 mL three-necked flask equipped with an overheadstirrer, thermocouple, and nitrogen inlet, was charged with2-Methoxy-17-methyleneestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-3-yl(trifluoromethyl)-sulfonate #73 (20.0 g, 46.5 mmol), palladium (II)chloride (0.41 g, 2.3 mmol), 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino) propane (1.9 g,4.6 mmol), 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazane (38.8 mL, 186 mmol) andanhydrous dimethylformamide (150 mL). The resulting orange solution wasevacuated and back-filled with nitrogen three times, then evacuated andback-filled with carbon monoxide three times. The reaction was warmed to100° C. and stirred under a carbon monoxide atmosphere (balloon) for 18hours, during which time the solution became dark red. The heat wasremoved, methanol (40 mL) was added, and the solution allowed to stirfor 10 minutes. The solution was poured into ethyl acetate (1 L) andextracted with 2 N H₂SO₄ (1 L). The aqueous layer was extracted withethyl acetate (3×500 mL). Each of the ethyl acetate extracts was washedwith 2 N H₂SO₄ (500 mL). The combined organic phases were washed withsaturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (1 L) and dried over sodium sulfate(500 g). This suspension was suction-filtered through a bed of silicagel 60 (102 g), and the filtrate concentrated to dryness affording 16.02g (106% recovery) of crude #82. The crude product was purified on silicagel 60 (500 g, flash column) eluting with methylene chloride (2 L) then2% methanol-methylene chloride (4 L) then 4% methanol-methylene chloride(4 L). Chromatography failed to remove all impurities so fractionscontaining product were combined, concentrated to dryness, andrepurified on silica gel 60 (500 g, flash column) eluting with methylenechloride (2 L) then 1:5 ethyl acetate-methylene chloride. Concentrationof the pure fractions (TLC, 1:5 ethyl acetate-methylene chloride,R_(f)=0.3, UV detection) and drying in a vacuum oven at 80° C., afforded12.3 g (81% overall) of compound #82 as a light-yellow solid withresidual methylene chloride by NMR. The material was dissolved in 10:1acetone/methanol (1.35 L), concentrated to dryness to remove residualsolvents, and dried in vacuo to yield 11.36 g of compound #16 (75%overall yield) as a light-yellow solid. ¹H-NMR (showed 0.09 wt % acetonepresent), ¹³C-NMR and Mass Spectral analysis were consistent withdesired structure. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.94 (s, 1H), 7.63 (br s,1H), 6.95 (s, 1H), 5.70 (br s, 1H), 4.71 (s, 2H), 3.97 (s, 3H),2.97-2.82 (m, 2H), 2.65-1.19 (m, 13H), 0.86 (s, 3H). ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 125MHz) δ 167.2, 161.4, 155.8, 146.3, 132.6, 129.6, 118.0, 108.4, 100.9,55.9, 53.5, 44.9, 44.2, 38.2, 35.6, 29.4, 28.4, 27.4, 26.4, 23.9, 18.5.

Preparation of 3-amino-17-methylene-2-methoxyestra-1,3,5(110)-triene(Compound #85): Prepared as depicted in Scheme 5 using representativeprocedures. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 6.78 (s, 1H), 6.49 (s, 1H),4.72-4.67 (m, 2H), 3.85 (s, 2H), 3.67 (br s, 2H), 2.83-2.71 (m, 2H),2.63-2.48 (m, 1H), 2.41-1.14 (m, 13H), 0.85 (s, 3H).

Preparation of 3-amino-17-methylene-2-ethoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-triene(Compound #86): Prepared as depicted in Scheme 5 using representativeprocedures. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 6.77 (s, 1H), 6.48 (s, 1H), 4.69(s, 2H), 4.06 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 3.70 (br s, 2H), 2.87-2.65 (m, 2H),2.63-2.48 (m, 1H), 2.40-2.11 (m, 2H), 2.03-1.17 (m, 10H), 1.43 (t, J=6.8Hz, 3H), 0.84 (s, 3H).

Representative preparation of 3-formamide estrane derivatives:Preparation of 3-formamide-17-methylene-2-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-triene(Compound #88): 3-Amino-17-methylene-2-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-triene(293 mg, 0.99 mmol) was dissolved in chloroform (1 mL) andtrimethylacetyl formic anhydride (170 mg, 1.30 mmol, prepared as inVlietstra et al Recueil, 1982, 101, 460) was added. The mixture wasstirred 40 min, after which, the solvent was removed under reducedpressure. The product was purified by titurating with hexanes andisolating the precipitate by decanting after the precipitate wascentrifuged. Obtain 150 mg white powder (0.417 mmol, 42% yield). ¹H NMR(300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.27 (s, 1H), 7.88 (s, 1H), 6.94 (s, 1H), 4.72-4.67(m, 2H), 3.88 (s, rotamer 1) and 3.86 (s, rotamer 2, total 3H),2.87-2.76 (m, 2H), 2.66-1.19 (m, 13H), 0.87 (s, 3H).

Preparation of 3-formamide-17-methylene-2-ethoxyestra-1,3,5(110)-triene(Compound #89): Prepared as depicted in Scheme 5 using representativeprocedures. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.73 (d, J=11.7 Hz, rotamer 2),8.46 (d, J=1.88 Hz, rotamer 2) and 8.11 (s, total 1H), 7.75 (br s,rotamer 1) and 7.62 (br s, rotamer 2, exchangeable amide H), 6.90 (d,J=18 Hz, rotamer 1), 6.84 (s, all protons from 8.73-6.84 total 4H), 4.70(s, 2H), 4.16-4.02 (m, 2H), 2.93-2.79 (m, 2H), 2.66-1.16 (m, 16H), 0.85(s, 3H).

Preparation of 3-sulfamate-17-ethylene-2-methoxyestra-1,3,5(110)-triene(Compound #94): Prepared as depicted in Scheme 6 using representativeprocedures. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.06 (s, 1H), 6.96 (s, 1H),5.24-5.13 (m, 1H), 4.96 (s, 2H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 2.90-2.78 (m, 2H),2.51-1.20 (m, 16H), 0.94 (s, Z isomer) and 0.80 (s, E isomer, total 3H,ratio 5:1 respectively).

Preparation of 3-amino-17-ethylene-2-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-triene(Compound #109): Prepared as depicted in Scheme 6 using representativeprocedures. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 6.76 (s, 1H), 6.48 (s, 1H),5.22-5.12 (m, 1H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 3.66 (br s, 2H), 2.86-2.66 (m, 2H),2.53-2.16 (m, 4H), 2.00-1.20 (m, 12H), 0.93 (s, Z isomer) and 0.80 (s, Eisomer, total 3H, ratio 5:1 respectively).

Preparation of 3-formamide-17-ethylene-2-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-triene(Compound #112): Prepared as depicted in Scheme 6 using representativeprocedures. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.70 (d, J=11.7 Hz, rotamer 2),8.44 (d, J=1.89 Hz, rotamer 1) and 8.09 (s, rotamer 2, total 1H), 7.72(br s, rotamer 1) and 7.63-7.52 (m, rotamer 2, exchangable amide H),6.90 (d, J=14.7 Hz, rotamer 1), 6.84 (s, 1H) (all protons from 8.70-6.84total 4H), 5.24-5.14 (m, 1H), 3.89 (s, rotamer 1) and 3.86 (s, rotamer2, total 3H), 2.90-2.78 (m, 2H), 2.53-2.18 (m, 5H), 2.03-1.23 (m, 11H),0.93 (s, Z isomer) and 0.80 (s, E isomer, total 3H, ratio 5:1respectively).

Preparation of 3-sulfamate-17-methyl-2-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-triene(Compound #118): Prepared as depicted in Scheme 7 using representativeprocedures. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.06 (s, 1H), 6.97 (s, 1H), 4.95(s, 2H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 2.89-2.74 (m, 2H), 2.35-2.15 (m, 2H), 1.99-1.12(m, 12H), 0.91 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.62 (s, 3H).

Preparation of 3-sulfamate-17-methyl-2-ethoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-triene(Compound #119): Prepared as depicted in Scheme 7 using representativeprocedures. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.042 (s, 1H), 6.96 (s, 1H), 4.99(s, 2H), 4.21-4.06 (m, 2H), 2.87-2.74 (m, 2H), 2.32-1.12 (m, 17H), 0.90(d, J=5.30 Hz, P isomer) and 0.79 (d, J=3.77 Hz, a isomer, total 3H,ratio 4:1 respectively), 0.61 (s, 3H).

Preparation of 3-amino-17-methyl-2-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-triene(Compound #133): Prepared as depicted in Scheme 7 using representativeprocedures. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 6.77 (s, 1H), 6.48 (s, 1H), 3.85(s, 3H), 2.87-2.66 (m, 2H), 2.33-2.14 (m, 2H), 1.95-1.11 (m, 14H), 0.89(d, J=6.78 Hz, P isomer) and 0.79 (d, J=3.77 Hz, a isomer, total 3H,ratio 4:1 respectively), 0.61 (s, 3H).

Preparation of 3-formamide-17-methyl-2-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-triene(Compound #136): Prepared as depicted in Scheme 7 using representativeprocedures. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.70 (d, J=11.7 Hz, rotamer 2),8.43 (d, J=1.89 Hz, rotamer 1) and 8.09 (s, rotamer 2, total 1H), 7.72(br s) and 7.61-7.52 (m, exchangeable H), 6.90 (d, J=10.9 Hz, rotamer1), 6.85 (s, 1H) (all protons from 8.70-6.85 total 4H), 3.88 (s,rotamer 1) and 3.86(s, rotamer 2, total 3H), 2.93-2.73 (μ, 2H),2.34-1.10 (μ, 14H), 0.90 (d, J=6.78 Hz, β isomer) and 0.79 (d, J=3.7 Hz,α isomer, total 3H, ratio 4:1 respectively), 0.61 (s, 3H).

EXAMPLE 2

Determination of in vitro anti-proliferative activity of substitutedestradiol analogs: In vitro anti-proliferative or anti-mitogenicactivity was determined using a commercially available cell-based assayin 96-well tissue culture plates with assessment of proliferation byevaluating DNA synthesis through incorporation into DNA ofimmuno-reactive (BrdU) nucleotides. The cell types used are commerciallyavailable (MDA-MB-231: breast cancer; U87-MG: glioblastoma; PC3:prostate cancer; HUVEC: non-transformed early passage human umbilicalvein endothelial cells). These assays, and the many assay variationspossible to determine in vitro anti-proliferative or anti-mitogenicactivity, are well known to those skilled in the art. The concentrationwhich causes 50% inhibition of proliferation (IC₅₀) was estimated from adoes-response curve generally carried out with a range of concentrationsfrom ≧100 microg/mL to ≦0.01 microg/mL. The results of the tests areshown below in Table IV. TABLE IV IC₅₀ for IC₅₀ for IC₅₀ for IC₅₀ forCompound # MDA-MB-231 (μM) U87-MG (μM) PC3 (μM) HUVEC (μM)  1 0.69 ±0.14 1.48 ± 0.62 1.08 ± 0.50 0.68 ± 0.15  2 0.650 ± 0.23  0.14 ± 0.07  33.99 ± 1.12 2.68 ± 0.22 2.22 ± 0.13 0.52 ± 0.14  4 11.7  10.5  13.7 12.6  7 2.20 ± 0.52 7.35 ± 0.43 8.49 ± 2.49 1.32 ± 0.56 10 0.58 ± 0.310.26 ± 0.23 13 2.63 ± 0.20 2.37 ± 0.34 1.15 ± 0.40 0.37 ± 0.08 16 3.33 ±0.23 9.39 ± 0.43 6.46 ± 2.31 2.40 ± 0.45 19 0.60 ± 0.43 0.80 ± 0.23 0.51± 0.24 0.18 ± 0.04 20 7.52 ± 2.04 19.82 ± 2.32  8.93 ± 0.61 2.59 ± 0.2525 2.57 ± 0.29 2.20 ± 0.06 1.43 ± 0.40 0.58 ± 0.01  25a 8.93 ± 0.61 7.81± 1.30 6.34 ± 0.08 1.96 ± 0.05 28 >100 ± 0    >100 ± 0    >100 ±0    >100 ± 0    31  0.7 ± 0.12 1.07 ± 0.15  0.7 ± 0.03 0.79 ± 0.20 3446.91 ± 8.15  81.54 ± 20.37 >100   23.42 ± 4.14  35 10.64 ± 2.98  26.05± 1.40  9.25 ± 1.58 16.46 ± 2.02  37 2.48 ± 0.50 10.83 ± 1.04  9.79 ±1.93 2.32 ± 0.38 40 2.94 ± 0.80 25.98 ± 3.38  9.26 ± 0.73 2.10 ± 0.23 430.78 ± 0.01 2.70 ± 0.22 1.34 ± 0.02 0.07 ± 0.02  43A 1.22 ± 0.60 0.94 ±0.09 0.61 ± 0.27 0.53 ± 0.22  44A 24.87 ± 5.63  21.10  27.70 ± 0.62 13.17 ± 2.20  46 0.38 ± 0.15 0.72 ± 0.04 0.38 ± 0.21 0.21 ± 0.15 52 1.86± 0.22 3.14 ± 0.52 2.12 ± 0.64 0.58 ± 0.04 58 5.23 ± 1.95 4.52 ± 1.3 2.58 ± 0.36 1.42 ± 0.41 61 7.62 ± 0.43 10.20 ± 3.78  8.63 ± 0.18 6.43 ±1.32 64 8.29 ± 1.64 23.24 ± 2.0  9.24 ± 0.59 5.80 ± 0.73 70 0.56 ± 0.020.70 ± 0.06 0.91 ± 0.32 0.58 ± 0.03 73 >100   >100    >100   >100   820.19 ± 0.08 0.25 ± 0.02 0.25 ± 0.01 0.12 ± 0.06 85 2.11 ± 0.57 5.51 ±0.46 2.40 ± 0.39 1.00 ± 0.19 86 2.13 ± 0.12 7.29 ± 2.26 2.75 ± 0.22 2.31± 0.05 88 0.30 ± 0.08 0.53 ± 0.24 0.24 ± 0.06 0.22 ± 0.03 89 2.41 ± 0.137.73 1.59 ± 0.19 2.10 ± 0.02 94 0.58 ± 0.02 0.64 ± 0.09 0.66 ± 0.05 0.59± 0.00 109  1.94 ± 0.27 2.35 ± 0.41 0.92 ± 0.11 0.72 ± 0.10 112  0.56 ±0.02 0.77 ± 0.06 0.74 ± 0.01 0.58 ± 0.00 113  11.98 19.13  20.64  7.08118  0.66 ± 0.10 0.64 ± 0.01 0.82 ± 0.06 0.59 ± 0.1  119  1.55 ± 0.396.41  0.83 0.91 ± 0.09 133  7.31 ± 0.58 14.87 ± 0.01  7.16 ± 1.42 2.65 ±0.77 136  0.61 ± 0.00 0.64 ± 0.01 0.70 ± 0.10 0.59 ± 0.00

All of the publications mentioned herein are hereby incorporated byreference in their entireties. The above examples are merelydemonstrative of the present invention, and are not intended to limitthe scope of the appended claims.

1. (canceled)
 2. A method of inhibiting angiogenesis in a human oranimal comprising administering to the human or animal a compound havingthe formula:

wherein, R_(a) is selected from —OCH₃; —OCH₂CH₃; or —CCCH₃; Z′ isselected from >C—F, >C—NH₂, >CCONH₂, >C—NHCOH, >C—OSO₂NH₂, or >C—CHCH₂,and Z″ is selected from >C(H₂), >C(H)—CH₃, >C═CH₂, >C═CHCH₃, or >C═O;provided that when Z′ is >C—OSO₂NH₂ and Z″ is >C(H₂) or >C═O, R_(a) isneither —OCH₃ nor —OCH₂CH₃.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein theadministration of the compound is in a daily dose, a daily sub-dose, orany appropriate fraction thereof to the human or animal.
 4. The methodof claim 2, wherein the amount of the compound administered isapproximately 0.1 to approximately 300 mg/kg/day.
 5. The method of claim2, wherein the amount of the compound administered is approximately 0.5to approximately 50 mg/kg/day.
 6. The method of claim 2, wherein theamount of the compound administered is approximately 1 to approximately10 mg/kg/day.
 7. The method of claim 2, wherein the administration ofthe compound is oral, parenteral, transdermal, topical, intravenous,subcutaneous, intramuscular, intradermal, ophthalmic, epidural,intratracheal, sublingual, buccal, rectal, vaginal, nasal or inhalation.8. The method of claim 2, wherein the compound is administered in acomposition comprising an additive selected from an anti-oxidant, abuffer, a bacteriostat, a liquid carrier, a solute, a suspending agent,a thickening agent, a flavoring agent, a gelatin, glycerin, a binder, alubricant, an inert diluent, a preservative, a surface active agent, adispersing agent, a biodegradable polymer, or any combination thereof.9. The method of claim 2, wherein the compound is administered in theform of a tablet, a capsule, a lozenge, a cachet, a solution, asuspension, an emulsion, a powder, an aerosol, a suppository, a spray, apastille, an ointment, a cream, a paste, a foam, a gel, a tampon, apessary, a granule, a bolus, a mouthwash, or a transdermal patch. 10.The method of claim 2, wherein the angiogenesis is associated withdiabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, corneal graftrejection, neovascular glaucoma, retrolental fibroplasias, epidemickeratoconjunctivitis, Vitamin A deficiency, contact lens overwear,atopic keratitis, superior limbic keratitis, pterygium keratitis sicca,Sjögren's syndrome, acne rosacea, phylectenulosis, syphilis,Mycobacteria infections, lipid degeneration, chemical burns, bacterialulcers, fungal ulcers, Herpes simplex infections, Herpes zosterinfections, protozoan infections, Kaposi's sarcoma, Mooren's ulcer,Terrien's marginal degeneration, marginal keratolysis, trauma,arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, polyarteritis, systemic lupus,Wegener's sarcoidosis, scleritis, Stevens-Johnson disease, radialkeratotomy, macular degeneration, sickle cell anemia, sarcoid,pseudoxanthoma elasticum, Paget's disease, vein occlusion, arteryocclusion, carotid obstructive disease, chronic uveitis, chronicvitritis, Lyme's disease, Eales' disease, Behcet's disease, myopia,optic pits, Stargardt's disease, pars planitis, chronic retinaldetachment, hyperviscosity syndromes, toxoplasmosis, post-lasercomplications, abnormal proliferation of fibrovascular or fibroustissue, hemangiomas, Osler-Weber-Rendu disease, solid tumors,blood-borne tumors, acquired immune deficiency syndrome, ocularneovascular disease, age-related macular degeneration, osteoarthritis,diseases caused by chronic inflammation, Crohn's disease, ulcerativecolitis, tumors of rhabdomyosarcoma, tumors of retinoblastoma, Ewing'ssarcoma, neuroblastoma, tumors of osteosarcoma, leukemia, psoriasis,atherosclerosis, pemphigoid, infections causing retinitis, infectionscausing choroiditis, presumed ocular histoplasmosis, Best's disease,proliferative vitreoretinopathy, Bartonellosis, acoustic neuromas,neurofibroma, trachoma, or pyogenic granulomas. 11-95. (canceled)
 96. Amethod of treating an eye condition in a human or an animal comprisingadministering to the human or animal a compound having the formula


97. The method of claim 96, wherein the eye condition is ocularneovascular disease, diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity,macular degeneration, age related macular degeneration, corneal graftrejection, neovascular glaucoma, retrolental fibroplasias, epidemickeratoconjunctivitis, contact lens overwear, atopic keratitis, superiorlimbic keratitis, pterygium keratitis sicca, myopia, chronic retinaldetachment, optic pits, Terrien's marginal degeneration, hyperviscositysyndromes, chronic uveitis, chronic vitritis, presumed ocularhistoplasmosis, retinitis, choroiditis, proliferative vitreoretinopathy,scleritis, Eales' disease, Best's disease, trachoma, pars planitis, dueto chronic inflammation, due to post-laser complications, or due toradial keratotomy. 98-124. (canceled)
 125. A method of treating aninflammatory or immune mediated disease in a human or an animalcomprising administering to the human or animal a compound selected from


126. The method of claim 125, wherein the inflammatory or immunemediated disease is rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, ulcerativecolitis, Crohn's disease, Mooren's ulcer, arthritis, sarcoidosis,inflammatory bowel diseases, immune mediated bowel disease, systemiclupus, pars planitis, Wegener's syndrome, Stevens-Johnson disease,Behcet's disease, pemphigoid, Lyme's disease, or acquired immunedeficiency syndrome. 127-138. (canceled)
 139. A method of treating aninfectious disease in a human or an animal comprising administering tothe human or animal a compound selected from


140. The method of claim 139, wherein the infectious disease issyphilis, a bacterial infection, a mycobacterial infection, a bacterialulcer, a fungal ulcer, a Herpes simplex infection, a Herpes zosterinfection, a protozoan infection, a Bartonellosis infection, ortoxoplasmosis. 141-149. (canceled)
 150. A method of treating a cancerousdisease in a human or an animal comprising administering to the human oranimal a compound selected from


151. The method of claim 150, wherein the cancerous disease isrhabdomyosarcoma, retinoblastoma, Ewing sarcoma, neuroblastoma, acousticneuroma, osteosarcoma, neurofibroma, hemangioma, breast cancer,prostrate cancer, renal cell cancer, a brain tumor, ovarian cancer,colon cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, bladder cancer, cutaneousmelanoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, or leukemia. 152-166. (canceled)
 167. Amethod of treating a blood or blood vessel disease in a human or ananimal comprising administering to the human or animal a compoundselected from


168. The method of claim 167, wherein the blood or blood vessel diseaseis vein occlusion, artery occlusion, carotid obstructive disease,polyarteritis, atherosclerosis, Osler-Weber-Rendu disease, sickle cellanemia, leukemia, an acute neoplastic disease of the bone marrow, achronic neoplastic disease of the bone marrow, a hemangioma, ahereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, a disease of the bone marrow,anemia, impaired blood clotting, enlargement of the lymph nodes,enlargement of the liver, or enlargement of the spleen. 169-175.(canceled)
 176. The method of claim 168, wherein the acute or chronicneoplastic disease of the bone marrow is multiple myeloma.
 177. Themethod of claim 168, wherein the acute or chronic neoplastic disease ofthe bone marrow is myelo dysplastic syndrome. 178-183. (canceled)
 184. Amethod of treating a skin condition in a human or an animal comprisingadministering to the human or animal a compound selected from


185. The method of claim 184, wherein the skin condition is abnormalwound healing, acne rosacea, due to chemical burns, or psoriasis.186-188. (canceled)
 189. A method of treating a tumor in a human or ananimal comprising administering to the human or animal a compound havingthe formula


190. The method of claim 189, wherein the tumor is a blood borne tumor,a cancerous blood borne tumor, a solid tumor, a benign tumor, or acancerous tumor. 191-194. (canceled)
 195. A method of inhibitingabnormal cell mitosis in a human or animal comprising administering tothe human or animal a compound selected from

196-197. (canceled)